Surah Saba 34:19

The Trade of Saba' and Their Destruction

Allah tells us about the blessings which the people of Saba' enjoyed, and the luxuries and plentiful provision which was theirs in their land, with its secure dwellings and towns which were joined to one another, with many trees, crops and fruits. When they traveled, they had no need to carry provisions or water with them; wherever they stopped, they would find water and fruits, so they could take their noontime rest in one town, and stay overnight in another, according to their needs on their journey. Allah says:

وَجَعَلْنَا بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ الْقُرَى الَّتِى بَارَكْنَا فِيهَا

(And We placed, between them and the towns which We had blessed,) Mujahid, Al-Hasan, Sa`id bin Jubayr and Malik, who narrated it from Zayd bin Aslam, and Qatadah, Ad-Dahhak, As-Suddi, Ibn Zayd and others -- all said that this means the towns of Syria. It means they used to travel from Yemen to Syria via towns easy to be seen and connected to one another. Al-`Awfi reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "`The towns which We had blessed by putting Jerusalem among them."

قُرًى ظَـهِرَةً

towns easy to be seen, meaning, clear and visible, known to travelers, so they could take their noontime rest in one town and stay overnight in another. Allah says:

وَقَدَّرْنَا فِيهَا السَّيْرَ

(and We made the stages (of journey) between them easy) meaning, `We made it in a way that met the needs of the travelers.'

سِيرُواْ فِيهَا لَيَالِىَ وَأَيَّاماً ءَامِنِينَ

(Travel in them safely both by night and day.) means, those who travel in them will be safe both by night and by day.

فَقَالُواْ رَبَّنَا بَـعِدْ بَيْنَ أَسْفَارِنَا وَظَلَمُواْ أَنفُسَهُمْ

(But they said: "Our Lord! Make the stages between our journey longer," and they wronged themselves;) They failed to appreciate this blessing, as Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Al-Hasan and others said: "They wanted to travel long distances through empty wilderness where they would need to carry provisions with them and would have to travel through intense heat in a state of fear."

فَجَعَلْنَـهُمْ أَحَادِيثَ وَمَزَّقْنَـهُمْ كُلَّ مُمَزَّقٍ

(so We made them as tales (in the land), and We dispersed them all totally.) means, `We made them something for people to talk about when they converse in the evening, how Allah plotted against them and dispersed them after they had been together living a life of luxury, and they were scattered here and there throughout the land.' So, the Arabs say of a people when they are dispersed, "They have been scattered like Saba'," in all directions.

إِنَّ فِى ذلِكَ لآيَـتٍ لِّكُلِّ صَبَّارٍ شَكُورٍ

(Verily, in this are indeed signs for every steadfast, grateful.) In the punishment which these people suffered, the way in which their blessings and good health were turned into vengeance for their disbelief and sins, is a lesson and an indication for every person who is steadfast in the face of adversity and grateful for blessings. Imam Ahmad recorded that Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas, may Allah be pleased with him, said, "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«عَجِبْتُ مِنْ قَضَاءِ اللهِ تَعَالَى لِلْمُؤْمِنِ إِنْ أَصَابَهُ خَيْرٌ حَمِدَ رَبَّهُ وَشَكَرَ، وَإِنْ أَصَابَتْهُ مُصِيبَةٌ حَمِدَ رَبَّهُ وَصَبَرَ، يُؤْجَرُ الْمُؤْمِنُ فِي كُلِّ شَيْءٍ حَتْى فِي اللُّقْمَةِ يَرْفَعُهَا إِلَى فِي امْرَأَتِه»

(I am amazed at what Allah has decreed for the believer; if something good befalls him, He praises his Lord and gives thanks, and if something bad befalls him, he praises his Lord and has patience. The believer will be rewarded for everything, even the morsel of food which he lifts to his wife's mouth.)" This was also recorded by An-Nasa'i in Al-Yawm wal-Laylah. There is a corroborating report in the Two Sahihs, where a Hadith narrated by Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, says:

«عَجَبًا لِلْمُؤْمِنِ لَا يَقْضِي اللهُ تَعَالَى لَهُ قَضَاءً إِلَّا كَانَ خَيْرًا لَهُ، إِنْ أَصَابَتْهُ سَرَّاءُ شَكَرَ فَكَانَ خَيْرًا لَهُ، وَإِنْ أَصَابَتْهُ ضَرَّاءُ صَبَرَ فَكَانَ خَيْرًا لَهُ، وَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ لِأَحَدٍ إِلَّا لِلْمُؤْمِن»

(How amazing is the affair of the believer! Allah does not decree anything for him but it is good for him. If something good happens to him, he gives thanks, and that is good for him; if something bad happens to him, he bears it with patience, and that is good for him. This is not for anyone except the believer.)" It was reported that Qatadah said:

إِنَّ فِى ذلِكَ لآيَـتٍ لِّكُلِّ صَبَّارٍ شَكُورٍ

g(Verily, in this are indeed signs for every steadfast, grateful.) It was Mutarrif who used to say: "How blessed is the grateful, patient servant. If he is given something, he gives thanks, and if he is tested, he bears it with patience."

Oleh karena itu, mereka meminta kepada Allah supaya di sepanjang perjalanan antara suatu negeri dengan negeri lain tidak ada tempat singgah untuk beristirahat, sehingga perjalanan harus dilanjutkan walaupun akan menderita berbagai macam kesulitan. Beginilah watak mereka dan watak orang-orang sombong, sudah mendapat kemudahan, justru mereka menginginkan kesulitan dan penderitaan. Tidak ubahnya seperti Bani Israil yang telah diberi Allah makanan yang baik yaitu Manna dan Salwa, lalu mereka meminta makanan biasa, sebagaimana tersebut dalam firman-Nya:

Dan (ingatlah), ketika kamu berkata, "Wahai Musa! Kami tidak tahan hanya (makan) dengan satu macam makanan saja, maka mohonkanlah kepada Tuhanmu untuk kami, agar Dia memberi kami apa yang ditumbuhkan bumi, seperti: sayur-mayur, mentimun, bawang putih, kacang adas dan bawang merah." Dia (Musa) menjawab, "Apakah kamu meminta sesuatu yang buruk sebagai ganti dari sesuatu yang baik? Pergilah ke suatu kota, pasti kamu akan memperoleh apa yang kamu minta." Kemudian mereka ditimpa kenistaan dan kemiskinan, dan mereka (kembali) mendapat kemurkaan dari Allah. (al-Baqarah/2: 61)

Sebenarnya dengan permintaan itu, kaum Saba' telah menganiaya diri sendiri dan tidak puas dengan karunia yang dianugerahkan Allah kepada mereka. Mereka telah lupa bahwa Allah menghancurkan negeri mereka yang subur dan makmur tiada lain karena mereka tidak mau beriman dan bersyukur atas karunia Allah. Oleh sebab itu, Allah memenuhi permintaan mereka dengan meniadakan tempat singgah dalam perjalanan mereka, sehingga mereka kesulitan melakukan perdagangan, dan kehidupan mereka menjadi susah.

Mereka harus hijrah ke negeri lain meninggalkan negeri mereka dan berpencar-pencar ke sana kemari. Kabilah Jafnah bin Amr terpaksa tinggal di negeri Syam, Aus dan Khazraj di Medinah, dan Azad (Uman) tinggal di Oman. Demikian pula kabilah-kabilah yang lain. Hilanglah wujud mereka sebagai suatu umat yang dahulunya sangat masyhur sebagai suatu umat yang mulia yang mempunyai peradaban dan kebudayaan yang tinggi. Yang tinggal hanya cerita-cerita yang diriwayatkan dari mulut ke mulut dan kemasyhuran mereka hanya menjadi bahan penghibur, dibicarakan pada waktu mereka berjaga di malam hari.

Sesungguhnya yang dialami kaum Saba' ini patut menjadi pelajaran bagi setiap orang yang sabar dan tahu bersyukur atas setiap nikmat yang diterimanya dari Allah. Setiap hamba harus bersyukur kepada Allah atas segala nikmat-Nya dan bersabar menerima cobaan-Nya. Bahkan ia harus bersyukur kepada Allah walaupun mendapat cobaan dari-Nya.

Diriwayatkan oleh Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqash bahwa Rasulullah bersabda:

Aku mengagumi ketetapan Allah untuk seorang mukmin. Bila ia mendapat kebaikan ia memuji dan bersyukur kepada-Nya. Bila ia ditimpa musibah ia memuji dan bersyukur kepada-Nya. Orang mukmin mendapat pahala dalam segala hal walaupun hanya sesuap makanan yang ia berikan untuk istrinya. (Riwayat Ahmad)