Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256

No Compulsion in Religion

Allah said,

لاَ إِكْرَاهَ فِى الدِّينِ

(There is no compulsion in religion), meaning, "Do not force anyone to become Muslim, for Islam is plain and clear, and its proofs and evidence are plain and clear. Therefore, there is no need to force anyone to embrace Islam. Rather, whoever Allah directs to Islam, opens his heart for it and enlightens his mind, will embrace Islam with certainty. Whoever Allah blinds his heart and seals his hearing and sight, then he will not benefit from being forced to embrace Islam."

It was reported that the Ansar were the reason behind revealing this Ayah, although its indication is general in meaning. Ibn Jarir recorded that Ibn `Abbas said that before Islam, "When (an Ansar) woman would not bear children who would live, she would vow that if she gives birth to a child who remains alive, she would raise him as a Jew. When Banu An-Nadir (the Jewish tribe) were evacuated from Al-Madinah, some of the children of the Ansar were being raised among them, and the Ansar said, `We will not abandon our children.' Allah revealed,

لاَ إِكْرَاهَ فِى الدِّينِ قَد تَّبَيَّنَ الرُّشْدُ مِنَ الْغَيِّ

(There is no compulsion in religion. Verily, the right path has become distinct from the wrong path.)"

Abu Dawud and An-Nasa'i also recorded this Hadith. As for the Hadith that Imam Ahmad recorded, in which Anas said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to a man,

«أَسْلِم»

قَالَ: إِنِّي أَجِدُنِي كَارِهًا قَالَ:

«وَإِنْ كُنْتَ كَارِهًا»

("Embrace Islam." The man said, "I dislike it." The Prophet said, "Even if you dislike it.")

First, this is an authentic Hadith, with only three narrators between Imam Ahmad and the Prophet . However, it is not relevant to the subject under discussion, for the Prophet did not force that man to become Muslim. The Prophet merely invited this man to become Muslim, and he replied that he does not find himself eager to become Muslim. The Prophet said to the man that even though he dislikes embracing Islam, he should still embrace it, `for Allah will grant you sincerity and true intent.'

Tawhid is the Most Trustworthy Handhold

Allah's statement,

فَمَنْ يَكْفُرْ بِالطَّـغُوتِ وَيُؤْمِن بِاللَّهِ فَقَدِ اسْتَمْسَكَ بِالْعُرْوَةِ الْوُثْقَى لاَ انفِصَامَ لَهَا وَاللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ

(Whoever disbelieves in Taghut and believes in Allah, then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that will never break. And Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower) is in reference to, "Whoever shuns the rivals of Allah, the idols, and those that Shaytan calls to be worshipped besides Allah, whoever believes in Allah's Oneness, worships Him alone and testifies that there is no deity worthy of worship except Him, then

فَقَدِ اسْتَمْسَكَ بِالْعُرْوَةِ الْوُثْقَى

(then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold.)

Therefore, this person will have acquired firmness in the religion and proceeded on the correct way and the straight path. Abu Al-Qasim Al-Baghawi recorded that `Umar said, "Jibt means magic, and Taghut means Shaytan. Verily, courage and cowardice are two instincts that appear in men, the courageous fights for those whom he does not know and the coward runs away from defending his own mother. Man's honor resides with his religion and his status is based upon his character, even if he was Persian or Nabatian." `Umar's statement that Taghut is Shaytan is very sound, for this meaning includes every type of evil that the ignorant people of Jahiliyyah (pre Islamic era of ignorace) fell into, such as worshipping idols, referring to them for judgement, and invoking them for victory.

Allah's statement,

فَقَدِ اسْتَمْسَكَ بِالْعُرْوَةِ الْوُثْقَى لاَ انفِصَامَ لَهَا

(then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that will never break) means, "He will have hold of the true religion with the strongest grasp." Allah equated this adherence to the firm handhold that never breaks because it is built solid and because its handle is firmly connected. This is why Allah said here,

فَقَدِ اسْتَمْسَكَ بِالْعُرْوَةِ الْوُثْقَى لاَ انفِصَامَ لَهَا

(then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that will never break.)

Mujahid said, "The most trustworthy handhold is Iman (faith)." As-Suddi said that it refers to Islam. Imam Ahmad recorded that Qays bin `Abbad said, "I was in the Masjid when a man whose face showed signs of humbleness came and prayed two Rak`ahs that were modest in length. The people said, `This is a man from among the people of Paradise.' When he left, I followed him until he entered his house, and I entered it after him and spoke with him. When he felt at ease, I said to him, `When you entered the Masjid, the people said such and such things.' He said, `All praise is due to Allah! No one should say what he has no knowledge of. I will tell you why they said that. I saw a vision during the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and I narrated it to him. I saw that I was in a green garden, ' and he described the garden's plants and spaciousness, `and there was an iron pole in the middle of the garden affixed in the earth and its tip reached the sky. On its tip, there was a handle, and I was told to ascend the pole. I said, `I cannot.' Then a helper came and raised my robe from behind and said to me, `Ascend.' I ascended until I grasped the handle and he said to me, `Hold on to the handle.' I awoke from that dream with the handle in my hand. I went to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and told him about the vision and he said,

«أَمَّا الرَّوْضَةُ فَرَوْضَةُ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَأَمَّا الْعَمُودُ فَعَمُودُ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَأَمَّا الْعُرْوَةُ فَهِيَ الْعُرْوَةُ الْوُثْقَى، أَنْتَ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ حَتَّى تَمُوت»

(As for the garden, it represents Islam; as for the pole, it represents the pillar of Islam; and the handle represents the most trustworthy handhold. You shall remain Muslim until you die.)

This Companion was `Abdullah bin Salam."

This Hadith was also collected in the Two Sahihs; and Al-Bukhari also recorded it with another chain of narration.

Tidak dibenarkan adanya paksaan untuk menganut agama Islam. Kewajiban kita hanyalah menyampaikan agama Allah kepada manusia dengan cara yang baik dan penuh kebijaksanaan, serta dengan nasihat-nasihat yang wajar, sehingga mereka masuk agama Islam dengan kesadaran dan kemauan sendiri (an-Nahl/16:125).

Apabila kita sudah menyampaikan kepada mereka dengan cara yang demikian, tetapi mereka tidak juga mau beriman, itu bukanlah urusan kita, melainkan urusan Allah. Kita tidak boleh memaksa mereka. Dalam ayat yang lain (Yunus/10:99) Allah berfirman yang artinya: "Apakah Engkau ingin memaksa mereka hingga mereka itu menjadi orang-orang yang beriman?"

Dengan datangnya agama Islam, jalan yang benar sudah tampak dengan jelas dan dapat dibedakan dari jalan yang sesat. Maka tidak boleh ada pemaksaan untuk beriman, karena iman adalah keyakinan dalam hati sanubari dan tak seorang pun dapat memaksa hati seseorang untuk meyakini sesuatu, apabila dia sendiri tidak bersedia.

Ayat-ayat Al-Qur'an yang menerangkan kenabian Muhammad saw sudah cukup jelas. Maka terserah kepada setiap orang, apakah akan beriman atau kafir, setelah ayat-ayat itu sampai kepada mereka. Inilah etika dakwah Islam. Adapun suara-suara yang mengatakan bahwa agama Islam dikembangkan dengan pedang hanyalah tuduhan dan fitnah belaka. Umat Islam di Mekah sebelum berhijrah ke Medinah hanya melakukan salat dengan cara sembunyi, dan mereka tidak mau melakukannya secara demonstratif di hadapan kaum kafir.

Ayat ini turun kira-kira pada tahun ketiga sesudah hijrah, yaitu setelah umat Islam memiliki kekuatan yang nyata dan jumlah mereka telah bertambah banyak, namun mereka tidak diperbolehkan melakukan paksaan terhadap orang-orang yang bukan Muslim, baik secara halus, apa lagi dengan kekerasan.

Adapun peperangan yang telah dilakukan umat Islam, baik di Jazirah Arab, maupun di negeri-negeri lain, seperti di Mesir, Persia dan sebagainya, hanyalah semata-mata suatu tindakan beladiri terhadap serangan-serangan kaum kafir kepada mereka. Selain itu, peperangan dilakukan untuk mengamankan jalannya dakwah Islam, sehingga berbagai tindakan kezaliman dari orang-orang kafir yang memfitnah dan mengganggu umat Islam karena menganut dan melaksanakan agama mereka dapat dicegah, dan agar kaum kafir itu dapat menghargai kemerdekaan pribadi dan hak-hak asasi manusia dalam menganut keyakinan.

Di berbagai daerah yang telah dikuasai kaum Muslimin, orang yang belum menganut agama Islam diberi hak dan kemerdekaan untuk memilih: apakah mereka akan memeluk agama Islam ataukah akan tetap dalam agama mereka. Jika mereka memilih untuk tetap dalam agama semula, maka mereka diharuskan membayar "jizyah" yaitu semacam pajak sebagai imbalan dari perlindungan yang diberikan Pemerintah Islam kepada mereka. Keselamatan mereka dijamin sepenuhnya, asal mereka tidak melakukan tindakan-tindakan yang memusuhi Islam dan umatnya.37)

Ini merupakan bukti yang jelas bahwa umat Islam tidak melakukan paksaan, bahkan tetap menghormati kemerdekaan beragama, walaupun terhadap golongan minoritas yang berada di daerah-daerah kekuasaan mereka. Sebaliknya dapat kita lihat dari bukti-bukti sejarah, baik pada masa dahulu, maupun pada zaman modern sekarang ini, betapa malangnya nasib umat Islam, apabila mereka menjadi golongan minoritas di suatu negara.

Ayat ini selanjutnya menerangkan bahwa barang siapa yang tidak lagi percaya kepada thagut, atau tidak lagi menyembah patung, atau benda yang lain, melainkan beriman dan menyembah Allah semata-mata, maka dia telah mendapatkan pegangan yang kokoh, laksana tali yang kuat, yang tidak akan putus. Iman yang sebenarnya adalah iman yang diyakini dalam hati, diucapkan dengan lidah dan diiringi dengan perbuatan. Itulah sebabnya maka pada akhir ayat, Allah berfirman yang artinya: "Allah Maha Mendengar lagi Maha Mengetahui". Artinya Allah senantiasa mendengar apa yang diucapkan, dan Dia selalu mengetahui apa yang diyakini dalam hati, dan apa yang diperbuat oleh anggota badan. Allah akan membalas amal seseorang sesuai dengan iman, perkataan dan perbuatan mereka masing-masing.