Surah Al-Baqarah 2:232

The Wali (Guardian) of the Divorced Woman should not prevent Her from going back to Her Husband

`Ali bin Abu Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "This Ayah was revealed about the man who divorces his wife once or twice and her `Iddah finishes. He later thinks about taking her back in marriage and the woman also wishes that, yet, her family prevents her from remarrying him. Hence, Allah prohibited her family from preventing her." Masruq, Ibrahim An-Nakha`i, Az-Zuhri and Ad-Dahhak stated that this is the reason behind revealing the Ayah (2:232). These statements clearly conform to the apparent meaning of the Ayah.

There is no Marriage without a Wali (for the Woman)

The Ayah (2:232) also indicates that the woman is not permitted to give herself in marriage. Rather, she requires a Wali (guardian such as her father, brother, adult son, and so forth) to give her away in marriage, as Ibn Jarir and At-Tirmidhi have stated when they mentioned this Ayah. Also, a Hadith states that:

«لَا تُزَوِّجُ الْمَرْأةُ الْمَرْأَةَ، ولَا تُزَوِّج الْمَرأةُ نَفْسَهَا، فَإِنَّ الزَّانِيَةَ هِيَ الَّتِي تُزَوِّجُ نَفْسَهَا»

(The woman does not give another woman away for marriage and the woman does not give herself away in marriage, for only the adulteress gives herself away for marriage.)

Another Hadith states:

«لَا نِكَاحَ إلَّا بِوَلِيَ مُرْشِدٍ وَشَاهِدَيْ عَدْل»

(No marriage is valid except with the participation of a mature Wali and two trustworthy witnesses.)

The Reason behind revealing the Ayah (2:232)

It was reported that this Ayah was revealed about Ma`qil bin Yasar Al-Muzani and his sister. Al-Bukhari reported in his Sahih, when he mentioned the Tafsir of this Ayah (2:232), that the husband of the sister of Ma`qil bin Yasar divorced her. He waited until her `Iddah finished and then asked to remarry her, but Ma`qil refused. Then, this Ayah was sent down:

فَلاَ تَعْضُلُوهُنَّ أَن يَنكِحْنَ أَزْوَجَهُنَّ

(...do not prevent them from marrying their (former) husbands.)

Abu Dawud, At-Tirmidhi, Ibn Abu Hatim, Ibn Jarir and Ibn Marduwyah and Al-Bayhaqi reported this Hadith from Al-Hasan from Ma`qil bin Yasar. At-Tirmidhi rendered this Hadith authentic and in his narration, Ma`qil bin Yasar gave his sister in marriage for a Muslim man during the time of Allah's Messenger ﷺ. She remained with him for a while and he divorced her once and did not take her back until her `Iddah finished. They then wanted to get back with each other and he came to ask her for marriage. Ma`qil said to him, "O ungrateful one! I honored you and married her to you but you divorced her. By Allah! She will never be returned to you." But Allah knew his need for his wife and her need for her husband and He revealed:

وَإِذَا طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّسَآءَ فَبَلَغْنَ أَجَلَهُنَّ

(And when you have divorced women and they have fulfilled the term of their prescribed period, ) until He said:

وَأَنتُمْ لاَ تَعْلَمُونَ

(...and you know not.)

When Ma`qil heard the Ayah, he said, "I hear and obey my Lord." He then summoned the man and said, "I will honor you and let you remarry (my sister)." Ibn Marduwyah added (that Ma`qil said), "And will pay (the expiation) for breaking my vow."

Allah said:

ذلِكَ يُوعَظُ بِهِ مَن كَانَ مِنكُمْ يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الاٌّخِرِ

(This (instruction) is an admonition for him among you who believes in Allah and the Last Day.) meaning, prohibiting you from preventing the women from marrying their ex-husbands, if they both agree to it,

مَن كَانَ مِنكُمْ

(among you) O people,

يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الاٌّخِرِ

(who believes in Allah and the Last Day.) meaning, believes in Allah's commandments and fears His warnings and the torment in the Hereafter. Allah said:

ذلِكُمْ أَزْكَى لَكُمْ وَأَطْهَرُ

(That is more virtuous and purer for you.) meaning, obeying Allah's Law by returning the women to their ex-husbands, and abandoning your displeasure, is purer and cleaner for your hearts,

وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ

(Allah knows) the benefits you gain from what He commands and what He forbids.

وَأَنتُمْ لاَ تَعْلَمُونَ

(and you know not) the benefits in what you do or what you refrain from doing.

Ayat ini menjelaskan tentang wanita yang diceraikan oleh suaminya dan kemungkinan akan kawin lagi, baik dia akan kawin dengan bekas suaminya maupun dengan laki-laki lain. Dalam menanggapi ayat ini, para ulama fikih berselisih tentang siapa yang dimaksud oleh ayat tersebut, khususnya dalam kalimat "janganlah kamu menghalang-halangi".

Imam Syafi'i berpendapat bahwa larangan itu ditujukan kepada wali, berdasarkan hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Imam al-Bukhari tentang Qasim Ma'qil bin Yasir. Ma'qil mempunyai seorang saudara perempuan yang dinikahi oleh Abibaddah. Kemudian ia dicerai oleh suaminya. Setelah selesai idahnya, Abibaddah merasa menyesal dan ingin kembali kepada bekas istrinya itu. Tetapi Ma'qil, sebagai wali, tidak menyetujuinya sehingga peristiwa ini diketahui oleh Rasulullah saw dan kemudian turunlah ayat di atas dan Ma'qil memperkenankan Abibaddah kembali kepada saudaranya.

Dari riwayat yang merupakan sebab turunnya ayat ini, jelas bahwa larangan itu ditujukan kepada wali. Seandainya larangan dalam ayat itu tidak ditujukan kepada wali, niscaya perempuan itu dapat menikah sendiri dan tidak perlu tertunda oleh sikap Ma'qil tersebut sebagai walinya.

Maka jelas bahwa akad nikah tetap dilangsungkan oleh wali. Imam Hanafi berpendapat sebaliknya; larangan itu ditujukan bukan kepada wali tetapi kepada suami. Hal ini dapat terjadi bila bekas suami menghalangi bekas istrinya untuk kawin dengan orang lain. Dengan demikian ayat tersebut menurut Abu Hanifah tidak menunjukkan bahwa wali menjadi syarat sah akad pernikahan. Sebagaimana diketahui, Imam Abu Hanifah berpendapat bahwa wanita yang berstatus janda dapat melakukan akad nikah tanpa melalui wali.

Baik wali atau pun bekas suami tidak boleh menghalang-halangi seorang perempuan yang akan kawin. Adat yang berlaku pada zaman jahiliah para wali terlalu mencampuri dengan cara sewenang-wenang soal perkawinan sehingga perempuan tidak mempunyai kebebasan dalam memilih calon suaminya, bahkan mereka dipaksa menikah dengan laki-laki yang tidak disukainya. Demikianlah ajaran Al-Qur'an mengenai hukum perkawinan, ajaran yang hanya dapat diterima oleh orang yang beriman kepada Allah dan hari kemudian, karena hanya orang yang berimanlah yang dapat menerima ajaran Allah dengan menyingkirkan keinginan hawa nafsu dalam mengekang kaum perempuan.

Kembali kepada ajaran Allah ini adalah suatu perbuatan yang baik dan terpuji, Allah Maha Mengetahui dan kamu tidak mengetahui.