Surah Al-'Alaq 96:2

Which was revealed in Makkah

This was the First of the Qur'an revealed

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَـنِ الرَّحِيمِ

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

The Beginning of the Prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ and the First of the Qur'an revealed

Imam Ahmad recorded that `A'ishah said: The first thing that began happening with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ from the revelation was dreams that he would see in his sleep that would come true. He would not see any dream except that it would come true just like the (clearness of) the daybreak in the morning. Then seclusion became beloved to him. So, he used to go to the cave of Hira' and devote himself to worship there for a number of nights, and he would bring provisions for that. Then he would return to Khadijah and replenish his provisions for a similar number of nights. This continued until the revelation suddenly came to him while he was in the cave of Hira'. The angel came to him while he was in the cave and said, "Read!" The Messen- ger of Allah said,

«فَقُلْتُ: مَا أَنَا بِقَارِىء»

(I replied: "I am not one who reads.) Then he said, "So he (the angel) seized me and pressed me until I could no longer bear it. Then he released me and said: `Read!' So I replied: `I am not one who reads.' So, he pressed me a second time until I could no longer bear it. Then he released me and said:

اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِى خَلَقَ

(Read in the Name of your Lord who has created.) until he reached the Ayah,

مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ

(That which he knew not. )" So he returned with them (those Ayat) and with his heart trembling until he came (home) to Khadijah, and he said,

«زَمِّلُونِي زَمِّلُونِي»

(Wrap me up, wrap me up!) So they wrapped him up until his fear went away. After that he told Khadijah everything that had happened (and said),

«قَدْ خَشِيتُ عَلَى نَفْسِي»

(I fear that something may happen to me.) Khadijah replied, "Never! By Allah, Allah will never disgrace you. You keep good relations with your relatives, you speak the truth, you help the poor and the destitute, you serve your guests generously, and you help the deserving, calamity afflicted people." Khadijah then accompanied him to her cousin Waraqah bin Nawfal bin Asad bin `Abdul-`Uzza bin Qusay, who, during the period of ignorance became a Christian and used to scribe the Scriptures in Arabic. He would write from the Injil in Hebrew as much as Allah willed for him to write. He was an old man and had lost his eyesight. Khadijah said to him, "O my cousin! Listen to the story of your nephew." Waraqah asked, "O my nephew! What have you seen" Allah's Messenger ﷺ described what he saw. Waraqah said, "This is An-Namus whom Allah had sent to Musa. I wish I was young and could live until the time when your people would drive you out." Allah's Messenger ﷺ asked,

«أَوَ مُخْرِجِيَّ هُمْ؟»

(Will they drive me out) Waraqah replied in the affirmative and said, "Anyone who came with something similar to what you have brought, was treated with hostility and enmity; and if I should remain alive till that day then I would firmly support you." But Waraqah did not remain. He died and the revelation paused until Allah's Messenger ﷺ became sad according to what we were told. Due to this grief he set out a number of times with the intent of throwing himself from the mountain tops. However, every time he would reach the peak of a mountain to throw himself from it, Jibril would appear to him and say, "O Muhammad! You are truly the Messenger of Allah ﷺ!" Therefore, his worry would be eased, his soul would be settled and he would return (down from the mountain). Then, when the revelation did not come again for a long time, he set out as he had done before. So when he reached the peak of the mountain, Jibril appeared to him again and said to him the same as he had said before." This Hadith has been recorded in the Two Sahihs by way of Az-Zuhri. We have already discussed this Hadith's chain of narration, its text and its meanings at length in the beginning of our explanation of Sahih Al-Bukhari. Therefore, whoever would like to read it, it is researched there, and all praise and blessings are due to Allah. So the first thing that was revealed of the Qur'an were these noble and blessed Ayat. They are the first mercy that Allah bestowed upon His servants and the first bounty that Allah favored them with.

The Honor and Nobility of Man is in His Knowledge

These Ayat inform of the beginning of man's creation from a dangling clot, and that out of Allah's generosity He taught man that which he did not know. Thus, Allah exalted him and honored him by giving him knowledge, and it is the dignity that the Father of Humanity, Adam, was distinguished with over the angels. Knowledge sometimes is in the mind, sometimes on the tongue, and sometimes in writing with the fingers. Thus, it may be intellectual, spoken and written. And while the last (written) necessitates the first two (intellectual and spoken), the reverse is not true. For this reason Allah says,

اقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ الاٌّكْرَمُ - الَّذِى عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ - عَلَّمَ الإِنسَـنَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ

(Read! And your Lord is the Most Generous. Who has taught by the pen. He has taught man that which he knew not.) There is a narration that states, "Record knowledge by writing." There is also a saying which states, "Whoever acts according to what he knows, Allah will make him inherit knowledge that he did not know."

Allah menyebutkan bahwa di antara yang telah Ia ciptakan adalah manusia, yang menunjukkan mulianya manusia itu dalam pandangan-Nya. Allah menciptakan manusia itu dari 'alaqah (zigot), yakni telur yang sudah terbuahi sperma, yang sudah menempel di rahim ibu. Karena sudah menempel itu, maka zigot dapat berkembang menjadi manusia. Dengan demikian, asal usul manusia itu adalah sesuatu yang tidak ada artinya, tetapi kemudian ia menjadi manusia yang perkasa. Allah berfirman:

Dan di antara tanda-tanda (kebesaran)-Nya ialah Dia menciptakan kamu dari tanah, kemudian tiba-tiba kamu (menjadi) manusia yang berkembang biak. (ar-Rum/30: 20)

Asal usulnya itu juga labil, zigot itu bisa tidak menempel di rahim, atau bisa terlepas lagi dari rahim itu, sehingga pembentukan manusia terhenti prosesnya. Oleh karena itu, manusia seharusnya tidak sombong dan ingkar, tetapi bersyukur dan patuh kepada-Nya, karena dengan kemahakuasaan dan karunia Allah-lah, ia bisa tercipta. Allah berfirman menyesali manusia yang ingkar dan sombong itu:

Dan tidakkah manusia memperhatikan bahwa Kami menciptakannya dari setetes mani, ternyata dia menjadi musuh yang nyata! (Yasin/36: 77)

Menurut kajian ilmiah, 'alaqah merupakan bentuk perkembangan pra-embrionik, yang terjadi setelah percampuran sel mani (sperma) dan sel telur. Moore dan Azzindani menjelaskan bahwa 'alaqah dalam bahasa Arab berarti lintah (leech) atau suatu suspensi (suspended thing) atau segumpal darah (a clot of blood). Lintah merupakan binatang tingkat rendah, berbentuk seperti buah per, dan hidup dengan cara menghisap darah. Jadi 'alaqah merupakan tingkatan (stadium) embrionik, yang berbentuk seperti buah per, di mana sistem kardiovaskuler (sistem pembuluh-jantung) sudah mulai tampak, dan hidupnya tergantung dari darah ibunya, mirip dengan lintah. 'Alaqah terbentuk sekitar 24-25 hari sejak pembuahan. Jika jaringan pra-embrionik 'alaqah ini diambil keluar (digugurkan), memang tampak seperti segumpal darah (a blood clot like). Lihat pula telaah ilmiah pada penjelasan Surah Nuh/71 ayat 14.