Surah Ali 'Imran 3:118

Prohibition of Taking Allies From Disbelievers Who Ridicule Islam

Allah forbids His believing servants from taking the hypocrites as allies, so that the hypocrites do not have the opportunity to expose the secrets of the believers and their plans against their enemies. The hypocrites try their very best to confuse, oppose and harm the believers any way they can, and by using any wicked, evil means at their disposal. They wish the very worst and difficult conditions for the believers. Allah said,

لاَ تَتَّخِذُواْ بِطَانَةً مِّن دُونِكُمْ

(Take not as (your) Bitanah those other than your own) 3:118, in reference to taking followers of other religions as consultants and allies, for advisors of a certain person have access to his most secret affairs. Al-Bukhari and An-Nasa'i recorded that, Abu Sa`id said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«مَا بَعَثَ اللهُ مِنْ نَبِيَ وَلَا اسْتَخْلَفَ مِنْ خَلِيفَةٍ إِلَّا كَانَتْ لَهُ بِطَانَتَانِ: بِطَانَةٌ تَأْمُرُهُ بِالْخَيْرِ وَتَحُضُّهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَبِطَانَةٌ تَأْمُرُهُ بِالسُّوءِ وَتَحُضُّهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَالْمَعْصُومُ مَنْ عَصَمَ الله»

(Allah has not sent any Prophet nor was there any Khalifah but they have two types of allies, one that commands him with righteousness and advises it, and another that commands him with evil and advises him with it. Only those whom Allah gives immunity are immune.)

Ibn Abi Hatim reported that Ibn Abi Ad-Dahqanah said, "`Umar bin Al-Khattab was told, `There is young man here from the people of Hirah (in Iraq, who were Christians) who is a proficient scribe. Why do you not appoint him as a scribe' `Umar said, `I would then be taking advisors from among the disbelievers."' This Ayah and the story about `Umar testify to the fact that Muslims are not allowed to use Ahl Adh-Dhimmah to be scribes in matters that affect the affairs of Muslims and expose their secrets, for they might convey these secrets to combatant disbelievers. This is why Allah said,

لاَ يَأْلُونَكُمْ خَبَالاً وَدُّواْ مَا عَنِتُّمْ

(since they will not fail to do their best to corrupt you. They desire to harm you severely.)

Allah then said,

قَدْ بَدَتِ الْبَغْضَآءُ مِنْ أَفْوَهِهِمْ وَمَا تُخْفِى صُدُورُهُمْ أَكْبَرُ

(Hatred has already appeared from their mouths, but what their breasts conceal is far worse.) meaning, enmity appears on their faces and in what they sometimes utter, as well as, the enmity they have against Islam and its people in their hearts. Since this fact is apparent to every person who has sound comprehension, therefore,

قَدْ بَيَّنَّا لَكُمُ الاٌّيَـتِ إِنْ كُنتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ

(Indeed We have made plain to you the Ayat if you understand.)

Allah said next,

هَآأَنتُمْ أُوْلاءِ تُحِبُّونَهُمْ وَلاَ يُحِبُّونَكُمْ

(O! You are the ones who love them but they love you not), meaning, O believers! You like the hypocrites because you think they are believers, for they pretend to be so, but they do not like you publicly or secretly.

وَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْكِتَـبِ كُلِّهِ

(And you believe in all the Scriptures) meaning, you have no doubt in any part of Allah's Book, while the hypocrites have deep doubts, confusion and reservations about it.

Muhammad bin Ishaq reported that Ibn `Abbas said that,

وَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْكِتَـبِ كُلِّهِ

(and you believe in all the Scriptures,) means, you believe in your Book, their Book, and the previous Books, while the hypocrites disbelieve in your Book, and this is why they deserve that you dislike them instead of them disliking you. Ibn Jarir collected this statement.

وَإِذَا لَقُوكُمْ قَالُواْ ءَامَنَّا وَإِذَا خَلَوْاْ عَضُّواْ عَلَيْكُمُ الاٌّنَامِلَ مِنَ الْغَيْظِ

(And when they meet you, they say, "We believe." But when they are alone, they bite their Anamil at you in rage.)

The word Anamil, means the tips of the fingers, as Qatadah stated. This is the behavior of the hypocrites who pretend to be believers and kind when they are with the believers, all the while concealing the opposite in their hearts in every respect. This is the exact situation that Allah describes,

وَإِذَا خَلَوْاْ عَضُّواْ عَلَيْكُمُ الاٌّنَامِلَ مِنَ الْغَيْظِ

(But when they are alone, they bite their Anamil at you in rage) and rage is extreme anger and fury. Allah said to them,

قُلْ مُوتُواْ بِغَيْظِكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ

(Say: "Perish in your rage. Certainly, Allah knows what is in the breasts (all the secrets).") for no matter how much you envy the believers and feel rage towards them, know that Allah shall perfect His favor on His believing servants, complete His religion, raise high His Word and give dominance to His religion. Therefore, O hypocrites, die in rage,

إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ

(Allah knows what is in the breasts.)

Allah has perfect knowledge of what you conceal in your hearts and chests and in the rage, envy and hatred you have against the believers. Allah will punish you for all this in this life, and they will have the good that you dislike for them. In the Hereafter, you will suffer severe torment in the Fire where you will remain for eternity.

Thereafter, Allah said,

إِن تَمْسَسْكُمْ حَسَنَةٌ تَسُؤْهُمْ وَإِن تُصِبْكُمْ سَيِّئَةٌ يَفْرَحُواْ بِهَا

(If a good befalls you, it grieves them, but if some evil overtakes you, they rejoice at it) 3:120. This only emphasizes the severity of the enmity that the hypocrites feel against the believers. If the believers enjoy fertile years, victories, support and their numbers and following increase, the hypocrites become displeased. When the Muslims suffer a drought or their enemies gain the upper hand against them, by Allah's decree, just as occurred during the battle of Uhud, the hypocrites become pleased. Allah said to His believing servants,

وَإِن تَصْبِرُواْ وَتَتَّقُواْ لاَ يَضُرُّكُمْ كَيْدُهُمْ شَيْئاً

(But if you remain patient and have Taqwa, not the least harm will their cunning do to you.)

Allah directs the believers to safety from the wickedness of evil people and the plots of the sinners, by recommending them to revert to patience and by having fear of Allah and trusting Him. Allah encompasses the enemies of the believers, all the while the believers have no power or strength except from Him. Whatever Allah wills, occurs, and whatever He does not will, does not occur. Nothing happens in His Kingdom except with His decision and according to His decrees. Verily, whoever relies on Allah, Allah shall suffice for him.

Allah then mentions the story of Uhud, the defeat that He tested the believers with, His distinguishing the believers from the hypocrites and their patience.

Peringatan kepada orang mukmin agar jangan bergaul rapat dengan orang kafir yang telah nyata sifat-sifatnya yang buruk itu, jangan mempercayai mereka dan jangan menyerahkan urusan kaum Muslimin kepada mereka. Ayat ini ditutup dengan ungkapan "Sesungguhnya Kami telah menjelaskan ayat-ayat kepada kamu agar kamu mengerti," agar orang beriman benar-benar mengerti dan menyadari tentang sifat-sifat buruk orang kafir dan oleh sebab itu tidak sepantasnya mereka dijadikan teman dekat dalam pergaulan selama mereka itu bersikap buruk terhadap orang beriman.

Janganlah orang mukmin menjadikan orang kafir sebagai teman kepercayaan yang mempunyai sifat yang dinyatakan dalam ayat ini, yaitu mereka :

a.Senantiasa menyakiti dan merugikan Muslimin dan berusaha menghancurkan mereka.

b.Menyatakan terang-terangan dengan lisan rasa amarah dan benci terhadap kaum Muslimin, mendustakan Nabi Muhammad saw dan Al-Qur'an dan menuduh umat Islam sebagai orang-orang yang bodoh dan fanatik.

c.Kebencian dan kemarahan yang mereka ucapkan dengan lisan itu adalah amat sedikit sekali bila dibandingkan dengan kebencian dan kemarahan yang disembunyikan dalam hati mereka. Tetapi bila sifat-sifat itu telah berubah menjadi sifat-sifat yang baik atau mereka tidak lagi mempunyai sifat-sifat yang buruk terhadap kaum Muslimin, maka Allah tidak melarang untuk bergaul dengan mereka.

Firman Allah:

Allah tidak melarang kamu berbuat baik dan berlaku adil terhadap orang-orang yang tidak memerangimu dalam urusan agama dan tidak mengusir kamu dari kampung halamanmu. Sesungguhnya Allah mencintai orang-orang yang berlaku adil. Sesungguhnya Allah hanya melarang kamu menjadikan mereka sebagai kawanmu orang-orang yang memerangi kamu dalam urusan agama dan mengusir kamu dari kampung halamanmu dan membantu (orang lain) untuk mengusirmu. Barang siapa menjadikan mereka sebagai kawan, mereka itulah orang-orang yang zalim. (al-Mumtahanah/60:8-9).

Banyak ditemui dalam sejarah berbagai peristiwa penting yang terkait dengan Ahli Kitab, seperti pengkhianatan Yahudi Banu Qainuqa, Banu Nadhir dan Banu Quraidhah di Yasrib terhadap Nabi dan kaum Muslimin, sampai terjadinya Perang Khandaq. Kemudian kaum Nasrani yang membantu kaum Muslimin dalam perjuangan Islam seperti dalam penaklukan Spanyol dan pembebasan Mesir. Mereka mengusir orang-orang Romawi dengan bantuan orang Qibti. Banyak pula di antara orang Nasrani yang diangkat sebagai pegawai pada kantor-kantor pemerintah pada masa Umar bin Khattab dan pada masa Daulah Umayah dan Abbasiah, bahkan ada di antara mereka yang diangkat menjadi duta mewakili pemerintah Islam.

Demikianlah Allah telah menjelaskan ayat-ayat-Nya kepada kaum Muslimin agar diperhatikan dengan sebaik-baiknya, jangan terperosok ke dalam jurang kebinasaan karena kurang hati-hati dan tidak waspada ketika berteman akrab dengan orang kafir itu.