Surah Ad-Dukhan 44:32

The Story of Musa and Fir`awn, and how the Children of Israel were saved

Allah tells us, `before these idolators, We tested the people of Fir`awn, the copts of Egypt.'

(when there came to them a noble Messenger.) means, Musa, peace be upon him, the one to whom Allah spoke.

(Deliver to me the servants of Allah.) This is like the Ayah:

(So let the Children of Israel go with us, and torment them not; indeed, we have come with a sign from your Lord! And peace will be upon him who follows the guidance!") (20:47)

(Verily, I am to you a Messenger worthy of all trust.) means, `what I convey to you is trustworthy.'

(And exalt not yourselves against Allah.) means, `and do not be too arrogant to follow His signs. Accept His proof and believe in His evidence.' This is like the Ayah:

(Verily, those who scorn My worship they will surely enter Hell in humiliation!) (40:60)

(Truly, I have come to you with a manifest authority.) means, with clear and obvious proof. This refers to the clear signs and definitive evidence with which Allah sent him.

(And truly, I seek refuge with my Lord and your Lord, lest you should stone me.) Ibn `Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, and Abu Salih said, "This refers to a verbal assault, which means insults." Qatadah said, "Meaning `stoning' in the literal sense, so that the meaning is: `I seek refuge with Allah, Who created me and you, from your making any harmful words or actions reach me."'

(But if you believe me not, then keep away from me and leave me alone.) means, `then let us leave one another alone and live in peace until Allah judges between us.' After Musa, may Allah be pleased with him, had stayed among them for a long time, and the proof of Allah had been established against them, and that only increased them in disbelief and stubbornness, he prayed to his Lord against them, a prayer which was answered. Allah says:

(And Musa said: "Our Lord! You have indeed bestowed on Fir`awn and his chiefs splendor and wealth in the life of this world, our Lord! That they may lead men astray from Your path. Our Lord! Destroy their wealth, and harden their hearts, so that they will not believe until they see the painful torment." Allah said: "Verily, the invocation of you both is accepted. So you both keep to the straight way.") (10:88-89) And Allah says here:

(So he (Musa) called upon his Lord (saying): "These are indeed the people who are criminals.") Whereupon Allah commanded him to bring the Children of Israel out from among them, without the command, consent or permission of Fir`awn. Allah said:

(Depart you with My servants by night. Surely, you will be pursued.) This is like the Ayah:

And indeed We revealed to Mu0sa0 (saying): Travel by night with My servants and strike a dry path for them in the sea, fearing neither to be overtaken nor being afraid (of drowning in the sea). )20:77(

(And leave the sea as it is (quiet and divided). Verily, they are a host to be drowned.) When Musa and the Children of Israel has crossed the sea, Musa wanted to strike it with his staff so that it would go back as it had been, and it would form a barrier between then and Fir`awn and prevent him from reaching them. But Allah commanded him to leave it as it was, quiet and divided, and gave him the glad tidings that they were a host to be drowned, and that he should not fear either being overtaken by Fir`awn or drowning in the sea. Ibn `Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, said:

(And leave the sea as it is (quiet and divided).) means, leave it as it is and keep moving. Mujahid said:

(as it is) means, a dry path, as it is. `Do not command it to go back; leave it until the last of them have entered it.' This was also the view of `Ikrimah, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas, Ad-Dahhak, Qatadah, Ibn Zayd, Ka`b Al-Ahbar, Simak bin Harb and others.

(How many of gardens and springs that they left behind. And green crops) this refers to rivers and wells.

and goodly places, means, fine dwellings and beautiful places. Muja0hid and Sa 0d bin Jubayr said:

(and goodly places,) means elevated places.

(And comforts of life wherein they used to take delight!) means, a life which they were enjoying, where they could eat whatever they wanted and wear what they liked, with wealth and glory and power in the land. Then all of that was taken away in a single morning, they departed from this world and went to Hell, what a terrible abode!

(Thus (it was)! And We made other people inherit them.) namely the Children of Israel.

(And the heavens and the earth wept not for them, ) means, they had no righteous deeds which used to ascend through the gates of the heavens, which would weep for them when they died, and they had no places on earth where they used to worship Allah which would notice their loss. So they did not deserve to be given a respite, because of their disbelief, sin, transgression and stubbornness. Ibn Jarir recorded that Sa`id bin Jubayr said, "A man came to Ibn `Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, and said to him: `O Abu Al-`Abbas, Allah says,

(And the heavens and the earth wept not for them, nor were they given respite) -- do the heavens and the earth weep for anybody' He, may Allah be pleased with him, said, `Yes, there is no one who does not have a gate in the heavens through which his provision comes down and his good deeds ascend. When the believer dies, that gate is closed; it misses him and weeps for him, and the place of prayer on earth where he used to pray and remember Allah also weeps for him. But the people of Fir`awn left no trace of righteousness on the earth and they had no good deeds that ascended to Allah, so the heavens and the earth did not weep for them."' Al-`Awfi reported something similar from Ibn `Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him.

(And indeed We saved the Children of Israel from the humiliating torment from Fir`awn; verily, he was arrogant and was of the excessive. ) Here Allah reminds them of how He saved them from their humiliation and subjugation at the hands of Fir`awn, when they were forced to do menial tasks.

(From Fir`awn; verily, he was arrogant) means, he was proud and stubborn. This is like the Ayah:

(Verily, Fir`awn exalted himself in the land) (28:4).

(but they behaved insolently and they were people self-exalting) (23:46). He was one of the excessive and held a foolish opinion of himself.

(And We chose them above the nations (Al-`Alamin) with knowledge,) Mujahid said, "This means that they were chosen above those among whom they lived." Qatadah said, "They were chosen above the other people of their own time, and it was said that in every period there are people who are chosen above others." This is like the Ayah:

((Allah) said: "O Musa I have chosen you above men.") (7:144), which means, above the people of his time. This is also like the Ayah:

(and (Allah has) chosen you (Maryam) above the women of the nations (Al-`Alamin).) (3:42), i.e., Maryam was chosen above the women of her time. For Khadijah, may Allah be pleased with her, is higher than her in status or is equal to her, as was Asiyah bint Muzahim, the wife of Fir`awn. And the superiority of `A'ishah, may Allah be pleased with her, over all other women is like the superiority of Tharid over all other dishes.

(And granted them signs) means clear proofs and extraordinary evidence.

(in which there was a plain trial.) means, an obvious test to show who would be guided by it.

Allah menerangkan bahwa Dia telah memilih Bani Israil atas orang-orang pandai pada zaman mereka; menurunkan kepada mereka kitab-kitab Samawi, mengutus pada mereka rasul-rasul karena Dia Maha Mengetahui kesanggupan dan kemampuan mereka.

Beberapa fakta sejarah dan fakta kekinian telah membuktikan pernyataan Allah swt, seperti tercantum dalam Al-Qur'an, Surah al-Jatsiyah/45: 16 di bawah ini.

Dan sungguh, kepada Bani Israil telah Kami berikan Kitab (Taurat), kekuasaan dan kenabian, Kami anugerahkan kepada mereka rezeki yang baik dan Kami lebihkan mereka atas bangsa-bangsa (pada masa itu).

Fakta sejarah memperlihatkan kepada kita bahwa sebagian besar para Nabi dan rasul berasal dari kalangan Bani Israil. Nama-nama para nabi/rasul dari kalangan Bani Israil, yang tercantum di dalam Al-Qur'an, diawali dari Nabi Yakub. Nabi-nabi yang bergelar Israil, adalah: (1) Yakub [Jacob], (2) Yusuf [Joseph], (3) Musa,[Moses] (4) Harun [Aron], (5) Daud [David], (6) Sulaiman [Solomon], (7) Ilyas [Eliah], (8) Ilyasa [Elisha], (9) Uzair [Ezra], (10) Zulkifli [Ezekiel], (11) Junus [Jonah] (12) Ayyub [Job], (13) Zakariyya [Zeccharia], (14) Yahya [John], dan (15) Isa [Jesus]. Jika moyang Israil seperti Nabi Ibrahim [Abraham], Nabi Lut [Lot], dan Nabi Ishak,[Isaac] dimasukkan, maka jumlah nabi/rasul dari kalangan Israil yang tercantum dalam Al-Qur'an adalah 18 orang. Dari fakta sejarah ini jelas, bahwa bangsa Israil telah dikaruniai banyak rasul/nabi melebihi bangsa-bangsa lainnya. Sebagai pelengkap dari anugerah derajat kenabian/kerasulan itu, Allah swt menurunkan Kitab Suci Taurat kepada Nabi Musa dan Kitab Suci Zabur kepada Nabi Daud, yang menjadi pegangan hukum bagi kalangan Israil. Kemudian diturunkan pula Kitab Suci Injil kepada Nabi Isa, yang mestinya menjadi pegangan hukum pula bagi kalangan Bani Israil, namun kemudian ditolak oleh Bani Israil. Dalam agama Kristiani, kitab Taurat, Zabur dan Injil, dijadikan pegangan, dan ketiga Kitab Suci itu dikompilasikan kedalam Perjanjian Lama (untuk Taurat dan Zabur) dan Perjanjian Baru (untuk Injil). Ketiga Kitab Suci itulah yang telah membangkitkan atau melahirkan peradaban Yahudi-Kristiani yang ada di dunia sampai saat ini. Fakta sejarah juga menjelaskan kepada kita bahwa Nabi Daud dan Nabi Sulaiman adalah seorang raja yang sangat adil, dan kekuasaannya membentang sangat luas. Pada masa Raja Sulaiman, kekuasaannya membentang dari Palestina di barat sampai perbatasan India di sebelah timur. Ke selatan sampai dengan Yaman dan di utara sampai ke perbatasan Siria.

Fakta kekinian juga memperlihatkan bahwa banyak pionir ilmu pengetahuan, baik ilmu-ilmu kealaman, teknologi atau ilmu-ilmu sosial, muncul dari kalangan Bani Israil. Para Pemenang Nobel (Nobel Laurreates) adalah dari kalangan Bani Israil. Mereka adalah: Albert Einstein (ahli Fisika, dan Kosmologi), Enrico Fermi (ahli Fisika-nuklir), Erwin Schrodinger (ahli Fisika Kuantum), Max Born (ahli Fisika Kuantum), Raould Hoffman (ahli Kimia Fisika Organik), Richard Feynmann (ahli Fisika Kuantum). Disamping itu, para ahli filsafat, seperti Karl Marx (penemu teori ekonomi Marxian), Charles Darwin (penemu Teori Evolusi) dan Sigmund Freud (ahli Psikoanalisis), juga berasal dari kalangan Bani Israil. Pionir-pionir diatas telah mempengaruhi jalannya sejarah ummat manusia sekarang ini.

Fakta di atas, telah dapat menjelaskan kepada kita tentang pernyataan Allah swt, yang tercantum dalam Al-Qur'an, surah 44: 32 dan 45: 16. Faktor genetik merupakan kunci dari keunggulan manusia, sebagaimana keunggulan dalam dunia Botani (Tumbuhan) maupun Zoologi (Hewan). Faktor genetik manusia juga dipengaruhi oleh lingkungannya. Jika suatu populasi kelompok manusia (Kelompok-A) bermigrasi ke suatu tempat kelompok manusia yang lain (kelompok-B), dan apabila terjadi perkawinan diantara anggota kedua populasi itu, maka akan terjadi gene flow baik dari gena kelompok-A ke kelompok-B maupun sebaliknya (lihat The New Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Vol. 19, Macropaedia, 2005, Gene in Populations, hal. 719-720)

Gene flow ini mampu memperkaya faktor genetik. Lebih kurang 4000 tahun yang lalu, keluarga Nabi Ibrahim, yang terdiri dari istri Beliau: Sarah, keponakan beliau: Nabi Lut, bermigrasi dari wilayah Ur (Babilonia, atau Iraq sekarang ini), ke utara sampai di wilayah Harran (Sekarang masuk wilayah tenggara Turki). Kemudian bermigrasi lagi ke selatan, yaitu ke Siria, Palestina; dan terus ke Mesir, dimana Beliau menikahi Hajar. Keluarga Ibrahim ini kemudian bermigrasi ke Arabia dan balik ke Palestina. Beliau bermukim di sana sampai wafatnya. Karena seringnya berpindah-pindah tempat inilah, maka kelompok kecil keluarga Ibrahim ini, dikenal sebagai suku Ibrani, artinya yang berpindah-pindah tempat. Dalam migrasinya ini, kelompok keluarga Ibrahim 'berhubungan dengan banyak peradaban-peradaban maju waktu itu, seperti peradaban Babilonia, Assiria, Kanaan, dan Mesir. Gen flow tentu akan terjadi pada era migrasi Ibrahim ini, sehingga suku Ibrani mengalami pengayaan genetik (genetic enrichment). Yang unik adalah, suku Ibrani ini tetap mampu menjaga ciri khasnya sebagai suku yang menganut Tauhid; berbeda dengan ummat-ummat sekitarnya. Kebiasaan suku Ibrani ini, yang kemudian diteruskan oleh generasi yang lebih muda: Bani Israil, diteruskan dari generasi ke generasi berikutnya, baik dengan perluasan wilayah, seperti pada era Raja Sulaiman, maupun pada saat Bani Israil mengalami 'pembuangan selama hampir 2000 tahun di Eropa, mulai dari tahun 70 M sampai mereka kembali ke Palestina tahun 1948 M. Gene enrichment selama hampir 4000 tahun peradaban Israil terjadi; ini mungkin kelebihan yang dianugerahkan oleh Allah swt. kepada umat Israil itu.