Surah Ash-Shuraa 42:40

Forgiving or exacting Revenge on Wrongdoers

(The recompense for an evil is an evil like thereof). This is like the Ayat:

(Then whoever transgresses the prohibition against you, you transgress likewise against him) (2:194), and

(And if you punish, then punish them with the like of that with which you were afflicted) (16:126). Justice, has been prescribed, in the form of the prescribed laws of equality in punishment (Al-Qisas), but the better way, which means forgiving, is recommended, as Allah says:

(and wounds equal for equal. But if anyone remits the retaliation by way of charity, it shall be for him an expiation) (5:45). Allah says here:

(but whoever forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is with Allah. ) means, that will not be wasted with Allah. As it says in a Sahih Hadith:

(Allah does not increase the person who forgives except in honor.)"

(Verily, He likes not the wrongdoers.) means, the aggressors, i.e., those who initiate the evil actions.

(And indeed whosoever takes revenge after he has suffered wrong, for such there is no way (of blame) against them.) means, there is no sin on him for taking revenge against the one who wronged him.

(The way) means, the burden of sin,

(is only against those who oppress men and rebel in the earth without justification;) means, those who initiate wrongful actions against others, as it says in the Sahih Hadith:

(When two persons indulge in abusing each other, the one who initiated the wrongful action is to blame, unless the one who was wronged oversteps the mark in retaliation.)

(for such there will be a painful torment.) means, intense and agonizing. It was reported that Muhammad bin Wasi` said, "I came to Makkah and there was a security out post over the trench whose guards took me to Marwan bin Al-Muhallab, who was the governor of Basrah. He said, `What do you need, O Abu `Abdullah' I said, `If you can do it, I need you to be like the brother of Banu `Adiy.' He said, `Who is the brother of Banu `Adiy' He said, `Al-`Ala' bin Ziyad; he once appointed a friend of his to a position of authority, and he wrote to him: If you can, only go to sleep after you make sure that there is nothing on your back i.e., you do not owe anything to anyone, your stomach is empty and your hands are untainted by the blood or wealth of the Muslims. If you do that, then there will be no way (of blame) against you --

(The way is only against those who oppress men and rebel in the earth without justification; for such there will be a painful torment.)' Marwan said, `He spoke the truth, by Allah, and gave sincere advice. ' Then he said, `What do you need, O Abu `Abdullah' I said, `I need you to let me join my family.' He said, `Yes I will do that."' This was recorded by Ibn Abi Hatim. When Allah condemned wrongdoing and the people who do it, and prescribed Al-Qisas, He encouraged forgiveness:

(And verily, whosoever shows patience and forgives,) meaning, whoever bears the insult with patience and conceals the evil action,

(that would truly be from the things recommended by Allah.) Sa`id bin Jubayr said, "This means, one of the things enjoined by Allah," i.e., good actions for which there will be a great reward and much praise.

Dalam ayat ini Allah menjelaskan bahwa perbuatan membela diri yang dilakukan seseorang yang dianiaya orang lain hendaklah ditujukan kepada pelaku penganiayaan dan seimbang dengan berat ringannya penganiayaan tersebut. Tindakan balasan atau pembelaan diri yang berlebihan tidak dibenarkan agama, hal ini sesuai dengan firman Allah:

Barang siapa menyerang kamu, maka seranglah dia setimpal dengan serangannya terhadap kamu. (al-Baqarah/2: 194)

Di ayat lain Allah berfirman:

Dan jika kamu membalas, maka balaslah dengan (balasan) yang sama dengan siksaan yang ditimpakan kepadamu. Tetapi jika kamu bersabar, sesungguhnya itulah yang lebih baik bagi orang yang sabar. (an-Nahl/16: 126)

Dalam situasi saat ini orang-orang yang teraniaya oleh orang lain, mungkin tidak bisa langsung membela diri atau menuntut haknya kepada orang-orang yang menganiayanya karena berbagai keterbatasannya, maka ia bisa meminta pertolongan pihak-pihak berwajib yang bisa melakukan tindakan untuk membela haknya, seperti polisi, pengadilan dan sebagainya. Perlu diingatkan bahwa hak seseorang harus dipertahankan, jangan hanya berdiam diri ketika orang lain merampas haknya. Banyak hadis yang menerangkan tentang hak-hak seperti:

Siapa yang terbunuh karena mempertahankan hartanya, maka ia adalah seorang yang syahid. Siapa yang terbunuh karena mempertahankan (keselamatan)nyawa, keluarga, dan agamanya, maka ia adalah seorang yang syahid. (Riwayat Abu Dawud dan at-Tirmidhi)

Sekalipun demikian, ayat ini juga menganjurkan untuk tidak membalas kejahatan orang lain, tetapi memaafkan dan memperlakukan dengan baik orang yang berbuat jahat kepada kita karena Allah akan memberikan pahala kepada orang-orang yang memaafkan kesalahan orang lain, selain itu memaafkan orang lain adalah penebus dosa. Firman Allah:

Dan luka-luka (pun) ada qisas-nya (balasan yang sama). Barangsiapa melepaskan (hak qisas)nya, maka itu (menjadi) penebus dosa baginya. (al-Ma'idah/5: 45)

Ayat 40 ini ditutup dengan satu penegasan bahwa Allah tidak menyukai orang-orang yang zalim yang melampaui batas di dalam melakukan pembalasan atas kejahatan yang pernah dialaminya.