Surah Ar-Rum 30:3

Which was revealed in Makkah

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَـنِ الرَّحِيمِ

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

Foretelling the Victory of the Romans

These Ayat were revealed about the victory of Sabur, the king of Persia, over Ash-Sham (Greater Syria), the adjoining partisan states of the Arabian Peninsula, and the outlying regions of the land of the Romans. Heraclius, the emperor of the Romans, was forced to flee to Constantinople where he was besieged for a lengthy period. Then Heraclius regained the upper hand. Imam Ahmad recorded that Ibn `Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, commented on this Ayah:

الم - غُلِبَتِ الرُّومُ - فِي أَدْنَى الْأَرْضِ وَهُم مِّن بَعْدِ غَلَبِهِمْ سَيَغْلِبُونَ

(Alif Lam Mim. The Romans have been defeated. In the nearest land,) He said, "They were defeated and then they were victorious." He said, "The idolators wanted the Persians to prevail over the Romans, because they were idol worshippers, and the Muslims wanted the Romans to prevail over the Persians, because they were People of the Book. This was mentioned to Abu Bakr, who mentioned it to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«أَمَا إِنَّهُمْ سَيَغْلِبُون»

(They will certainly prevail.) Abu Bakr mentioned this to the idolators, and they said, "Set a time limit for that, and if we prevail, we will get such and such; and if you prevail, you will get such and such." So he set a limit of five years, and they (the Romans) did not prevail. Abu Bakr mentioned that to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and he said:

«أَلَا جَعَلْتَهَا إِلَى دُونَ أُرَاهُ قَالَ: الْعَشْرِ »

(Why do you not make it less than) I (the narrator) think he meant less than ten. Sa`id bin Jubayr said: "Bid` means less than ten." Then the Romans were victorious, and he said, "That is what Allah said:

الم - غُلِبَتِ الرُّومُ - فِي أَدْنَى الْأَرْضِ وَهُم مِّن بَعْدِ غَلَبِهِمْ سَيَغْلِبُونَ- فِي بِضْعِ سِنِينَ لِلَّهِ الْأَمْرُ مِن قَبْلُ وَمِن بَعْدُ وَيَوْمَئِذٍ يَفْرَحُ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ - بِنَصْرِ اللَّهِ يَنصُرُ مَن يَشَاءُ وَهُوَ الْعَزِيزُ الرَّحِي

(Alif Lam Mim. The Romans have been defeated. In the nearest land, and they, after their defeat, will be victorious. In Bid`i years. The decision of the matter, before and after is only with Allah. And on that day, the believers will rejoice -- with the help of Allah. He helps whom He wills, and He is the All-Mighty, the Most Merciful.) This was also recorded by At-Tirmidhi and An-Nasa'i. At-Tirmidhi said: "Hasan Gharib."

Another Hadith

Abu `Isa At-Tirmidhi recorded that Niyar bin Mukram Al-Aslami said: "When the following Ayat were revealed:

الم - غُلِبَتِ الرُّومُ - فِي أَدْنَى الْأَرْضِ وَهُم مِّن بَعْدِ غَلَبِهِمْ سَيَغْلِبُونَ - فِي بِضْعِ سِنِينَ لِلَّهِ الْأَمْرُ مِن قَبْلُ وَمِن بَعْدُ

(Alif Lam Mim. The Romans have been defeated. In the nearest land, and they, after their defeat, will be victorious. In Bid` years.) on the day they were revealed, the Persians were prevailing over the Romans. The Muslims wanted the Romans to prevail over them (the Persians), because they were both people who followed a Book. Concerning this Allah said:

وَيَوْمَئِذٍ يَفْرَحُ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ - بِنَصْرِ اللَّهِ يَنصُرُ مَن يَشَاءُ وَهُوَ الْعَزِيزُ الرَّحِيمُ

(And on that day, the believers will rejoice -- with the help of Allah. He helps whom He wills, and He is the All-Mighty, the Most Merciful.) The Quraysh, on the other hand, wanted the Persians to prevail, because neither of them were people who followed a Book and neither of them believed in the Resurrection. When Allah revealed these Ayat, Abu Bakr went out proclaiming throughout Makkah:

الم - غُلِبَتِ الرُّومُ - فِي أَدْنَى الْأَرْضِ وَهُم مِّن بَعْدِ غَلَبِهِمْ سَيَغْلِبُونَ - فِي بِضْعِ سِنِينَ لِلَّهِ الْأَمْرُ مِن قَبْلُ وَمِن بَعْدُ

(Alif Lam Mim. The Romans have been defeated. In the nearest land, and they, after their defeat, will be victorious. In Bid` years.) Some of the Quraysh said to Abu Bakr: `This is (a bet) between us and you. Your companion claims that the Romans will defeat the Persians within three to nine years, so why not have a bet on that between us and you' Abu Bakr said, `Yes.' This was before betting had been forbidden. So, Abu Bakr and the idolators made a bet, and they said to Abu Bakr: `What do you think, Bid` means something between three and nine years, so let us agree on the middle.' So they agreed on six years. Then six years passed without the Romans being victorious, so the idolators took what they had bet with Abu Bakr. When the seventh year came and the Romans were finally victorious over the Persians, the Muslims rebuked Abu Bakr for agreeing on six years. He said: `Because Allah said: "In Bid` years."' At that time, many people became Muslim." This is how it was narrated by At-Tirmidhi, then he said, "This is a Hasan Hadith."

Who were the Romans

الم - غُلِبَتِ الرُّومُ - فِي أَدْنَى الْأَرْضِ وَهُم مِّن بَعْدِ غَلَبِهِمْ سَيَغْلِبُونَ

(Alif Lam Mim. The Romans have been defeated.) We have already discussed the separate letters which appear at the beginning of some Surahs in the beginning of our Tafsir of Surat Al-Baqarah. With regard to the Romans (Ar-Rum), they are the descendents of Al-`Iys bin Ishaq bin Ibrahim. They are the cousins of the Children of Isra'il, and are also known as Bani Al-Asfar. They used to followed the religion of the Greeks, who were descendents of Yafith bin Nuh, the cousins of the Turks. They used to worship the seven planets, and they prayed facing the direction of the North Pole. It is they who founded Damascus and built its temple in which there is a prayer niche facing north. The Romans followed this religion until approximately three hundred years after the time of the Messiah. The king who ruled Greater Syria along with the Fertile Crescent (semicircle of fertile land from Syrian Desert to Persian Gulf) was called Caesar. The first of them to enter the Christian religion was Constantine the son of Costas, whose mother was Maryam Al-Hilaniyyah Ash-Shadqaniyyah, from the land of Harran. She had become Christian before him, and she invited him to her religion. Before that he had been a philosopher, then he followed her. It was said that this was merely an outward show of belief. Then the Christians met with him. During his time they debated with `Abdullah bin Ariyus (Arius) and great differences arose which could not be reconciled. Then a gathering of three hundred and eighteen bishops reached an agreement, and presented their creed to Constantine. This is what they call the Great Trust, but in fact it is the Worst Betrayal. They presented to him their laws, i.e., books of rulings on what was lawful and prohibited, and other things that they needed. They changed the religion of the Messiah (peace be upon him), adding some things and taking some things away. They began praying towards the East, and changed the Sabbath (Saturday) rites to Sunday. They worshipped the cross, permitted eating of pigs, adopted innovated observances such as the festival of the cross, Mass, baptism, etc., Palm Sunday and other occasions. They appointed a pope, as their leader, and patriarchs, metropolitans, bishops, priests and deacons, and they invented monasticism. The king built churches and places of worship for them, and he founded the city which is named after him, Constantinople. It was said that during his time twelve thousand churches were built, three places of prayer in Bethlehem, and that his mother built the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. These are the ones who followed the religion of the kings. Then after them came the Jacobites, followers of Ya`qub Al-Askaf, then the Nestorians, the followers of Nestorius. There are many groups and sects among them, as the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«إِنَّهُمْ افْتَرَقُوا عَلَى اثْنَتَيْنِ وَسَبْعِينَ فِرْقَة»

(They split into seventy two sects.) The point here is that they continued to follow Christianity. Every time one Caesar died, another succeeded him, until the last of them, Heraclius, came to power. He was a wise man, one of the most astute and intelligent of kings, who had deep insight and well-formed opinions. His was a great and glorious reign. He was opposed by Chosroes, the king of Persia and of regions such as Iraq, Khurasan, Ar-Riy and all the lands of the Persians. His name was Sabur Dhul-Aktaf, and his kingdom was greater than the kingdom of Caesar. He was the leader of the Persians and was as stubborn as the Persians who were Zoroastrian fire worshippers.

How Caesar defeated Chosroes (Kisra)

It was previously reported that `Ikrimah said: "Chosroes sent his deputy and his army against Caesar, and they fought." It is well-known that Chosroes himself fought in the army that invaded his land, and he defeated Caesar and overwhelmed him until he had nothing left except the city of Constantinople, where Chosroes besieged him for a long time, until things became very difficult for him. He was highly venerated among the Christians, and Chosroes was not able to conquer the city because it was well fortified, and half of it faced the land while the other half faced the sea, from where supplies were able to reach them. After this had gone on for a long time, Caesar thought of a clever trick. He asked Chosroes to let him leave his city in return for money given as a peace-offering, on whatever terms he (Chosroes) wanted. Chosroes agreed to that and asked for a huge amount of wealth -- gold, jewels, fabric, servant-women, servants, and much more -- such that no king on earth could ever pay. Caesar went along with that and gave him the impression that he had all that he had asked for, although he thought he was crazy for asking for such a thing, because even if the two of them were to combine all of their wealth, it would not amount to even one-tenth of that. He asked Chosroes to let him go out of the city to Ash-Sham and the other regions of his kingdom, so that he could gather that from his storehouses and places where his wealth was buried. Chosroes let him go, and when Caesar was about to leave Constantinople, he gathered his people together and told them: "I am going out on a mission I have decided to do so with some soldiers I have selected from my army; if I come back to you before one year passes, I will still be your king but if I do not come back after that, you will have the choice. Then, if you wish, you may remain loyal to me, or if you wish you may appoint someone instead of me. Signs of Tawhid Allah tells us that pondering His creation will show that He exists and that He is Unique in creating it, and that there is no god nor lord besides Him. So He says:

Ayat ini menerangkan bahwa bangsa Romawi telah dikalahkan oleh bangsa Persia di negeri yang dekat dengan kota Mekah, yaitu negeri Syiria. Beberapa tahun kemudian setelah mereka dikalahkan, maka bangsa Romawi akan mengalahkan bangsa Persia sebagai balasan atas kekalahan itu.

Bangsa Romawi yang dimaksud dalam ayat ini ialah Kerajaan Romawi Timur yang berpusat di Konstantinopel, bukan kerajaan Romawi Barat yang berpusat di Roma. Kerajaan Romawi Barat, jauh sebelum peristiwa yang diceritakan dalam ayat ini terjadi, sudah hancur, yaitu pada tahun 476 Masehi. Bangsa Romawi beragama Nasrani (Ahli Kitab), sedang bangsa Persia beragama Majusi (musyrik).

Ayat ini merupakan sebagian dari ayat-ayat yang memberitakan hal-hal gaib yang menunjukkan kemukjizatan Al-Qur'an. Pada saat bangsa Romawi dikalahkan bangsa Persia, maka turunlah ayat ini yang menerangkan bahwa pada saat ini bangsa Romawi dikalahkan, tetapi kekalahan itu tidak akan lama dideritanya. Hanya dalam beberapa tahun saja, orang-orang Persia pasti dikalahkan oleh orang Romawi. Kekalahan bangsa Romawi ini terjadi sebelum Nabi Muhammad hijrah ke Medinah. Mendengar berita ini, orang-orang musyrik Mekah bergembira, sedangkan orang-orang yang beriman dan Nabi bersedih hati.

Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa bangsa Persia beragama Majusi yang menyembah api, jadi mereka menyekutukan Tuhan. Orang-orang Mekah juga menyekutukan Tuhan dengan menyembah berhala. Oleh karena itu, mereka merasa agama mereka dekat dengan agama bangsa Persia, karena sama-sama mempersekutukan Tuhan. Kaum Muslimin merasa agama mereka dekat dengan agama Nasrani, karena sama-sama menganut agama Samawi. Oleh karena itu, kaum musyrik Mekah bergembira atas kemenangan itu, sebagai kemenangan agama politeisme yang mempercayai "banyak Tuhan", atas agama Samawi yang menganut agama tauhid. Sebaliknya kaum Muslimin waktu itu bersedih hati karena sikap menentang kaum musyrik Mekah semakin bertambah. Mereka mencemooh kaum Muslimin dengan mengatakan bahwa dalam waktu dekat mereka juga akan hancur, sebagaimana kehancuran bangsa Romawi yang menganut agama Nasrani. Lalu ayat ini turun untuk menerangkan bahwa bangsa Romawi yang kalah itu, akan mengalahkan bangsa Persia dalam waktu yang tidak lama, hanya dalam beberapa tahun lagi.

Sejarah mencatat bahwa tahun 622 Masehi, yaitu setelah tujuh atau delapan tahun kekalahan bangsa Romawi dari bangsa Persia itu, peperangan antara kedua bangsa itu berkecamuk kembali untuk kedua kalinya. Pada permulaan terjadinya peperangan itu telah tampak tanda-tanda kemenangan bangsa Romawi. Sekalipun demikian, ketika sampai kepada kaum musyrik Mekah berita peperangan itu, mereka masih mengharapkan kemenangan berada di pihak Persia. Oleh karena itu, Ubay bin Khalaf ketika mengetahui Abu Bakar hijrah ke Medinah, ia minta agar putra Abu Bakar, yaitu 'Abdurrahman, menjamin taruhan ayahnya, jika Persia menang. Hal ini diterima oleh 'Abdurrahman.

Pada tahun 624 Masehi, terjadilah perang Uhud. Ketika Ubay bin Khalaf hendak pergi memerangi kaum Muslimin, 'Abdurrahman melarangnya, kecuali jika putranya menjamin membayar taruhannya, jika bangsa Romawi menang. Maka Abdullah bin Ubay menerima untuk menjaminnya.

Jika melihat berita di atas, maka ada beberapa kemungkinan sebagai berikut: pertama, pada tahun 622 Masehi, perang antara Romawi dan Persia telah berakhir dengan kemenangan Romawi. Akan tetapi, karena hubungan yang sukar waktu itu, maka berita itu baru sampai ke Mekah setahun kemudian, sehingga Ubay minta jaminan waktu Abu Bakar hijrah, sebaliknya 'Abdurrahman minta jaminan pada waktu Ubay akan pergi ke Perang Uhud. Kedua, peperangan itu berlangsung dari tahun 622-624 Masehi, dan berakhir dengan kemenangan bangsa Romawi.

Dari peristiwa di atas dapat dikemukakan beberapa hal dan pelajaran yang perlu direnungkan dan diamalkan.

Pertama: Ada hubungan antara kemusyrikan dan kekafiran terhadap dakwah dan iman kepada Allah. Sekalipun negara-negara dahulu belum mempunyai sistem komunikasi yang canggih dan bangsanya pun belum mempunyai hubungan yang kuat seperti sekarang ini, namun antar bangsa-bangsa itu telah mempunyai hubungan batin, yaitu antara bangsa-bangsa yang menganut agama yang bersumber dari Tuhan di satu pihak, dan bangsa-bangsa yang menganut agama yang tidak bersumber dari Tuhan pada pihak yang lain. Orang-orang musyrik Mekah menganggap kemenangan bangsa Persia atas bangsa Romawi (Nasrani), sebagai kemenangan mereka juga karena sama-sama menganut politeisme. Sedangkan kaum Muslimin merasakan kekalahan bangsa Romawi yang beragama Nasrani sebagai kekalahan mereka pula, karena merasa agama mereka berasal dari sumber yang satu. Hal ini merupakan suatu faktor nyata yang perlu diperhatikan kaum Muslimin dalam menyusun taktik dan strategi dalam berdakwah.

Kedua: Kepercayaan yang mutlak kepada janji dan ketetapan Allah. Hal ini tampak pada ucapan-ucapan Abu Bakar yang penuh keyakinan tanpa ragu-ragu di waktu menetapkan jumlah taruhan dengan Ubay bin Khalaf. Harga unta seratus ekor sangat tinggi pada waktu itu, sehingga kalau tidak karena keyakinan akan kebenaran ayat-ayat Al-Qur'an yang ada di dalam hati Abu Bakar, tentu beliau tidak akan berani mengadakan taruhan sebanyak itu, apalagi jika dibaca sejarah bangsa Romawi pada waktu kekalahan itu dalam keadaan kocar-kacir. Amat sukar diramalkan mereka sanggup mengalahkan bangsa Persia yang dalam keadaan kuat, hanya dalam tiga sampai sembilan tahun mendatang. Keyakinan yang kuat seperti keyakinan Abu Bakar itu merupakan keyakinan kaum Muslimin, yang tidak dapat digoyahkan oleh apa pun, sekalipun dalam bentuk siksaan, ujian, penderitaan, pemboikotan, dan sebagainya. Hal ini merupakan modal utama bagi kaum Muslimin menghadapi jihad yang memerlukan waktu yang lama di masa yang akan datang. Jika kaum Muslimin mempunyai keyakinan dan berusaha seperti kaum Muslimin di masa Rasulullah, pasti pula Allah mendatangkan kemenangan kepada mereka.

Ketiga: Terjadinya suatu peristiwa adalah urusan Allah, tidak seorangpun yang dapat mencampurinya. Allah-lah yang menentukan segalanya sesuai dengan hikmah dan kebijaksanaan-Nya. Hal ini berarti bahwa kaum Muslimin harus mengembalikan segala urusan kepada Allah saja, baik dalam kejadian seperti di atas, maupun pada kejadian dan peristiwa yang merupakan keseimbangan antara situasi dan keadaan. Kemenangan dan kekalahan, kemajuan dan kemunduran suatu bangsa, demikian pula kelemahan dan kekuatannya yang terjadi di bumi ini, semuanya kembali kepada Allah. Dia berbuat menurut kehendak-Nya. Semua yang terjadi bertitik tolak kepada kehendak Zat yang mutlak itu. Jadi berserah diri dan menerima semua yang telah ditentukan Allah adalah sifat yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang mukmin. Hal ini bukanlah berarti bahwa usaha manusia tidak ada harganya sedikit pun, karena hal itu merupakan syarat berhasilnya suatu pekerjaan. Dalam suatu hadis diriwayatkan bahwa seorang Arab Badui melepaskan untanya di muka pintu masjid Rasulullah, kemudian ia masuk ke dalamnya sambil berkata, "Aku bertawakal kepada Allah," lalu Nabi bersabda:

Ikatlah unta itu sesudah itu baru engkau bertawakal. (Riwayat at-Tirmidzi dari Anas bin Malik )

Berdasarkan hadis ini, seorang muslim disuruh berusaha sekuat tenaga, kemudian ia berserah diri kepada Allah tentang hasil usahanya itu.

Akhir ayat ini menerangkan bahwa kaum Muslimin bergembira ketika mendengar berita kemenangan bangsa Romawi atas bangsa Persia. Mereka bergembira karena:

1.Mereka telah dapat membuktikan kepada kaum musyrik Mekah atas kebenaran berita-berita yang ada dalam ayat Al-Qur'an.

2.Kemenangan bangsa Romawi atas bangsa Persia merupakan kemenangan agama Samawi atas agama ciptaan manusia.

3.Kemenangan bangsa Romawi atas bangsa Persia mengisyaratkan kemenangan kaum Muslimin atas orang-orang kafir Mekah dalam waktu yang tidak lama lagi.