Surah An-Nisa 4:91

Censuring the Companions for Disagreeing over the Hypocrites who Returned to Al-Madinah Before Uhud

Allah criticizes the believers for disagreeing over the hypocrites. There are conflicting opinions over the reason behind revealing this Ayah. Imam Ahmad recorded that Zayd bin Thabit said that Messenger of Allah ﷺ marched towards Uhud. However, some people who accompanied him went back to Al-Madinah, and the Companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ divided into two groups concerning them, one saying they should be killed and the other objecting. Allah sent down,

فَمَا لَكُمْ فِى الْمُنَـفِقِينَ فِئَتَيْنِ

(Then what is the matter with you that you are divided into two parties about the hypocrites) The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«إِنَّهَا طَيْبَةُ، وَإِنَّهَا تَنْفِي الْخَبَثَ، كَمَا يَنْفِي الْكِيرُ خَبَثَ الْحَدِيد»

(She (Al-Madinah) is Taybah, and she expels filth, just as the billow expels rust from iron.) The Two Sahihs also recorded this Hadith. Al-`Awfi reported that Ibn `Abbas said that the Ayah was revealed about some people in Makkah who said they embraced Islam, yet they gave their support to the idolators. One time, theses people went out of Makkah to fulfill some needs and said to each other, "If we meet the Companions of Muhammad, there will be no harm for us from their side." When the believers got news that these people went out of Makkah, some of them said, "Let us march to these cowards and kill them, because they support your enemy against you." However, another group from the believers said, "Glory be to Allah! Do you kill a people who say as you have said, just because they did not perform Hijrah or leave their land Is it allowed to shed their blood and confiscate their money in this case" So they divided to two groups, while the Messenger ﷺ was with them, and did not prohibit either group from reiterating their argument. Thereafter, Allah revealed,

فَمَا لَكُمْ فِى الْمُنَـفِقِينَ فِئَتَيْنِ

(Then what is the matter with you that you are divided into two parties about the hypocrites) Ibn Abi Hatim recorded this Hadith. Allah said,

وَاللَّهُ أَرْكَسَهُمْ بِمَا كَسَبُواْ

(Allah has cast them back because of what they have earned.) meaning, He made them revert to, and fall into error. Ibn `Abbas said that,

أَرْكَسَهُمْ

(Arkasahum) means, `cast them' . Allah's statement,

بِمَا كَسَبُواْ

(because of what they have earned) means, because of their defiance and disobedience to the Messenger ﷺ and following falsehood.

أَتُرِيدُونَ أَن تَهْدُواْ مَنْ أَضَلَّ اللَّهُ وَمَن يُضْلِلِ اللَّهُ فَلَن تَجِدَ لَهُ سَبِيلاً

(Do you want to guide him whom Allah has made to go astray And he whom Allah has made to go astray, you will never find for him a way.) meaning, there will be no path for him, or way to guidance. Allah's statement,

وَدُّواْ لَوْ تَكْفُرُونَ كَمَا كَفَرُواْ فَتَكُونُونَ سَوَآءً

(They wish that you reject faith, as they have rejected, and thus that you all become equal.) means, they wish that you fall into misguidance, so that you and they are equal in that regard. This is because of their extreme enmity and hatred for you. Therefore, Allah said,

فَلاَ تَتَّخِذُواْ مِنْهُمْ أَوْلِيَآءَ حَتَّى يُهَاجِرُواْ فِى سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَإِنْ تَوَلَّوْاْ

(So take not Awliya' from them, till they emigrate in the way of Allah. But if they turn back,) if they abandon Hijrah, as Al-`Awfi reported from Ibn `Abbas. As-Suddi said that this part of the Ayah means, "If they make their disbelief public."

Combatants and Noncombatants

Allah excluded some people;

إِلاَّ الَّذِينَ يَصِلُونَ إِلَى قَوْمٍ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُمْ مِّيثَـقٌ

(Except those who join a group, between you and whom there is a treaty (of peace),) meaning, except those who join and take refuge with a people with whom you have a pact of peace, or people of Dhimmah, then treat them as you treat the people with whom you have peace. This is the saying of As-Suddi, Ibn Zayd and Ibn Jarir. In his Sahih, Al-Bukhari recorded the story of the treaty of Al-Hudaybiyyah, where it was mentioned that whoever liked to have peace with Quraysh and conduct a pact with them, then they were allowed. Those who liked to have peace with Muhammad and his Companions and enter a pact with them were allowed. It was reported that Ibn `Abbas said that this Ayah was later abrogated by Allah's statement,

فَإِذَا انسَلَخَ الأَشْهُرُ الْحُرُمُ فَاقْتُلُواْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَيْثُ وَجَدتُّمُوهُمْ

(Then when the Sacred Months have passed, kill the idolators wherever you find them) Allah said,

أَوْ جَآءُوكُمْ حَصِرَتْ صُدُورُهُمْ

(or those who approach you with their breasts restraining) referring to another type of people covered by the exclusion from fighting. They are those who approach the Muslims with hesitation in their hearts because of their aversion to fighting the Muslims. They do not have the heart to fight with the Muslims against their own people. Therefore, they are neither with nor against Muslims.

وَلَوْ شَآءَ اللَّهُ لَسَلَّطَهُمْ عَلَيْكُمْ فَلَقَـتَلُوكُمْ

(Had Allah willed, indeed He would have given them power over you, and they would have fought you.) meaning, it is from Allah's mercy that He has stopped them from fighting you.

فَإِنِ اعْتَزَلُوكُمْ فَلَمْ يُقَـتِلُوكُمْ وَأَلْقَوْاْ إِلَيْكُمُ السَّلَمَ

(So, if they withdraw from you, and fight not against you, and offer you peace,) meaning, they revert to peace,

فَمَا جَعَلَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ سَبِيلاً

(then Allah has opened no way for you against them), you do not have the right to kill them, as long as they take this position. This was the position of Banu Hashim (the tribe of the Prophet ), such as Al-`Abbas, who accompanied the idolators in the battle of Badr, for they joined the battle with great hesitation. This is why the Prophet commanded that Al-`Abbas not be killed, but only captured. Allah's statement, d

سَتَجِدُونَ ءَاخَرِينَ يُرِيدُونَ أَن يَأْمَنُوكُمْ وَيَأْمَنُواْ قَوْمَهُمْ

(You will find others that wish to have security from you and security from their people.) refers to a type of people who on the surface appear to be like the type we just mentioned. However, the intention of each type is different, for the latter are hypocrites. They pretend to be Muslims with the Prophet and his Companions, so that they could attain safety with the Muslims for their blood, property and families. However, they support the idolators in secret and worship what they worship, so that they are at peace with them also. These people have secretly sided with the idolators, just as Allah described them,

وَإِذَا خَلَوْاْ إِلَى شَيَـطِينِهِمْ قَالُواْ إِنَّا مَعَكُمْ

(But when they are alone with their Shayatin, they say: "Truly, we are with you."). In this Ayah, Allah said,

كُلَّ مَا رُدُّواْ إِلَى الْفِتْنِةِ أُرْكِسُواْ فِيِهَا

(Every time they are sent back to Fitnah, they yield thereto.) meaning, they dwell in Fitnah. As-Suddi said that the Fitnah mentioned here refers to Shirk. Ibn Jarir recorded that Mujahid said that the Ayah was revealed about a group from Makkah who used to go to the Prophet in Al-Madinah pretending to be Muslims. However, when they went back to Quraysh, they reverted to worshipping idols. They wanted to be at peace with both sides. Allah commanded they should be fought against, unless they withdraw from combat and resort to peace. This is why Allah said,

فَإِن لَّمْ يَعْتَزِلُوكُمْ وَيُلْقُواْ إِلَيْكُمُ السَّلَمَ

(If they withdraw not from you, nor offer you peace) meaning, revert to peaceful and complacent behavior,

وَيَكُفُّواْ أَيْدِيَهُمْ

(nor restrain their hands) refrain from fighting you,

فَخُذُوهُمْ

(take (hold of) them), capture them,

وَاقْتُلُوهُمْ حَيْثُ ثَقِفْتُمُوهُمْ

(and kill them wherever you Thaqiftumuhum.), wherever you find them,

وَأُوْلَـئِكُمْ جَعَلْنَا لَكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ سُلْطَـناً مُّبِيناً

(In their case, We have provided you with a clear warrant against them), meaning an unequivocal and plain warrant.

Selain kedua golongan kafir tersebut, kaum Muslimin akan menemukan satu golongan lain dengan ciri-ciri dan niat yang berbeda. Mereka adalah golongan kafir munafik, yaitu munafik dalam hal kepercayaan. Apabila mereka bertemu dengan kaum Muslimin mereka menyatakan diri beragama Islam, dan apabila mereka berada bersama orang-orang kafir, mereka mengatakan tetap seagama dengan mereka dan tetap menyembah sesembahan mereka. Hal itu mereka lakukan karena menjaga keamanan diri, keluarga dan harta benda mereka terhadap gangguan kaum Muslimin dan gangguan dari golongan mereka sendiri.

Dan apabila mereka berjumpa dengan orang yang beriman, mereka berkata, "Kami telah beriman." Tetapi apabila mereka kembali kepada setan-setan (para pemimpin) mereka, mereka berkata, "Sesungguhnya kami bersama kamu, kami hanya berolok-olok." (al-Baqarah/2:14).

Diriwayatkan oleh Ibnu Jarir bahwa ayat tersebut diturunkan mengenai satu kaum dari kalangan penduduk kota Mekah. Mereka pernah datang kepada Rasulullah saw mengatakan bahwa mereka masuk Islam. Tetapi pada hakikatnya mereka berbuat demikian hanyalah berpura-pura. Sesudah itu mereka kembali kepada Quraisy yang masih kafir, lalu mereka menyembah patung bersama-sama orang tersebut.

Hal itu mereka lakukan dengan maksud agar mereka aman terhadap kaum Muslimin dan aman pula terhadap orang-orang kafir. Ayat ini menjelaskan bagaimana seharusnya sikap kaum Muslimin dalam menghadapi orang-orang munafik tersebut, yaitu selama mereka tidak menghentikan gangguan mereka terhadap kaum Muslimin, dan tidak mengemukakan permintaan mereka untuk mengadakan perjanjian damai, maka kaum Muslimin haruslah memerangi, menawan dan membunuh mereka, di mana pun mereka ditemukan. Allah swt telah memberikan wewenang dan alasan yang nyata kepada kaum Muslimin untuk menawan dan membunuh mereka.

Dari ayat ini dapat diambil pengertian bahwa apabila orang-orang munafik telah menghentikan gangguan mereka terhadap kaum Muslimin atau mereka sudah mengajukan perdamaian, maka kaum Muslimin dilarang memerangi, menawan dan membunuh mereka.

Dalam ayat yang lain Allah berfirman:

Allah tidak melarang kamu berbuat baik dan berlaku adil terhadap orang-orang yang tidak memerangimu dalam urusan agama dan tidak mengusir kamu dari kampung halamanmu. Sesungguhnya Allah mencintai orang-orang yang berlaku adil. (al-Mumtahanah/60:8).

Dengan demikian, perintah Allah kepada Muslimin untuk memerangi orang-orang kafir, adalah khusus mengenai mereka yang memerangi atau bersikap memusuhi Islam dan kaum Muslimin.

Dan perangilah di jalan Allah orang-orang yang memerangi kamu, tetapi jangan melampaui batas. Sungguh, Allah tidak menyukai orang-orang yang

melampaui batas. (al-Baqarah/2:190).