Surah Al-Qalam 68:1

Which was revealed in Makkah

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَـنِ الرَّحِيمِ

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

ن

(Nun), is like Allah's saying,

ص

(Sad), and Allah's saying,

ق

(Qaf), and similar to them from the individual letters that appear at the beginning of Qur'anic chapters. This has been dis- cussed at length previously and there is no need to repeat it here.

The Explanation of the Pen Concerning

Allah's statement,

وَالْقَلَمِ

(By the pen) The apparent meaning is that this refers to the actual pen that is used to write. This is like Allah's saying,

اقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ الاٌّكْرَمُ - الَّذِى عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ - عَلَّمَ الإِنسَـنَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ

(Read! And your Lord is the Most Generous. Who has taught by the pen. He has taught man that which he knew not.) (96:3-5) Therefore, this statement is Allah's swearing and alerting His creatures to what He has favored them with by teaching them the skill of writing, through which knowledge is attained. Thus, Allah continues by saying,

وَمَا يَسْطُرُونَ

(and by what they Yastur.) Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid and Qatadah all said that this means, "what they write." As-Suddi said, "The angels and the deeds of the servants they record." Others said, "Rather, what is meant here is the pen which Allah caused to write the decree when He wrote the decrees of all creation, and this took place fifty-thousand years before He created the heavens and the earth." For this, they present Hadiths that have been reported about the Pen. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded from Al-Walid bin `Ubadah bin As-Samit that he said, "My father called for me when he was dying and he said to me: `Verily, I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say,

«إِنَّ أَوَّلَ مَا خَلَقَ اللهُ الْقَلَمُ فَقَالَ لَهُ: اكْتُبْ، قَالَ: يَا رَبِّ وَمَا أَكْتُبُ؟ قَالَ: اكْتُبِ الْقَدَرَ وَمَا هُوَ كَائِنٌ إِلَى الْأَبَد»

(Verily, the first of what Allah created was the Pen, and He said to it: "Write." The Pen said: "O my Lord, what shall I write" He said: "Write the decree and whatever will throughout eternity.")" This Hadith has been recorded by Imam Ahmad through various routes of transmission. At-Tirmidhi also recorded it from a Hadith of Abu Dawud At-Tayalisi and he (At-Tirmidhi) said about it, "Hasan Sahih, Gharib."

Swearing by the Pen refers to the Greatness of the Prophet

Allah says,

مَآ أَنتَ بِنِعْمَةِ رَبِّكَ بِمَجْنُونٍ

(You, by the grace of your Lord, are not insane.) meaning -- and all praise is due to Allah -- `you are not crazy as the ignorant among your people claim. They are those who deny the guidance and the clear truth that you have come with. Therefore, they attribute madness to you because of it.'

وَإِنَّ لَكَ لاّجْراً غَيْرَ مَمْنُونٍ

(And verily, for you will be reward that is not Mamnun.) meaning, `for you is the great reward, and abundant blessings which will never be cut off or perish, because you conveyed the Message of your Lord to creation, and you were patient with their abuse.' The meaning of:

غَيْرُ مَمْنُونٍ

(not Mamnun) is that it will not be cut off. This is similar to Allah's statement,

عَطَآءً غَيْرَ مَجْذُوذٍ

(a gift without an end.) (11:108) and His statement,

فَلَهُمْ أَجْرٌ غَيْرُ مَمْنُونٍ

(Then they shall have a reward without end.) (95:6) Mujahid said,

غَيْرُ مَمْنُونٍ

(Without Mamnun) means "Without reckoning." And this refers back to what we have said before.

The Explanation of the Statement: "Verily, You are on an Exalted Character."

Concerning Allah's statement,

وَإِنَّكَ لَعَلَى خُلُقٍ عَظِيمٍ

(And verily, you are on an exalted (standard of) character.) Al-`Awfi reported from Ibn `Abbas, "Verily, you are on a great religion, and it is Islam." Likewise said Mujahid, Abu Malik, As-Suddi and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas. Ad-Dahhak and Ibn Zayd also said this. Sa`id bin Abi `Arubah reported from Qatadah that he said concerning Allah's statement,

وَإِنَّكَ لَعَلَى خُلُقٍ عَظِيمٍ

(And verily, you are on an exalted (standard of) character.) "It has been mentioned to us that Sa`d bin Hisham asked `A'ishah about the character of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, so she replied: `Have you not read the Qur'an' Sa`d said: `Of course.' Then she said: `Verily, the character of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was the Qur'an."' `Abdur-Razzaq recorded similar to this and Imam Muslim recorded it in his Sahih on the authority of Qatadah in its full length. This means that he would act according to the commands and the prohibition in the Qur'an. His nature and character were patterned according to the Qur'an, and he abandoned his natural disposition (i.e., the carnal nature). So whatever the Qur'an commanded, he did it, and whatever it forbade, he avoided it. Along with this, Allah gave him the exalted character, which included the qualities of modesty, kindness, bravery, pardoning, gentleness and every other good characteristic. This is like that which has been confirmed in the Two Sahihs that Anas said, "I served the Messenger of Allah ﷺ for ten years, and he never said a word of displeasure to me (Uff), nor did he ever say to me concerning something I had done: `Why did you do that' And he never said to me concerning something I had not done: `Why didn't you do this' He had the best character, and I never touched any silk or anything else that was softer than the palm of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. And I never smelled any musk or perfume that had a better fragrance than the sweat of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ." Imam Al-Bukhari recorded that Al-Bara' said, "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ had the most handsome face of all the people, and he had the best behavior of all of the people. And he was not tall, nor was he short." The Hadiths concerning this matter are numerous. Abu `Isa At-Tirmidhi has a complete book on this subject called Kitab Ash-Shama'il. Imam Ahmad recorded that `A'ishah said, "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ never struck a servant of his with his hand, nor did he ever hit a woman. He never hit anything with his hand, except for when he was fighting Jihad in the cause of Allah. And he was never given the option between two things except that the most beloved of the two to him was the easiest of them, as long as it did not involve sin. If it did involve sin, then he stayed farther away from sin than any of the people. He would not avenge himself concerning anything that was done to him, except if the limits of Allah were transgressed. Then, in that case he would avenge for the sake of Allah." Imam Ahmad also recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«إِنَّمَا بُعِثْتُ لِأُتَمِّمَ صَالِحَ الْأَخْلَاق»

(I have only been sent to perfect righteous behavior.) Ahmad was alone in recording this Hadith. In reference to Allah's statement,

فَسَتُبْصِرُ وَيُبْصِرُونَ - بِأَيِّكُمُ الْمَفْتُونُ

(You will see, and they will see, which of you is afflicted with madness.) then it means, `you will know, O Muhammad -- and those who oppose you and reject you, will know -- who is insane and misguided among you.' This is like Allah's statement,

سَيَعْلَمُونَ غَداً مَّنِ الْكَذَّابُ الاٌّشِرُ

(Tomorrow they will come to know who is the liar, the insolent one!) (54:26) Allah also says,

وَإِنَّآ أَوْ إِيَّاكُمْ لَعَلَى هُدًى أَوْ فِى ضَلَـلٍ مُّبِينٍ

(And verily (either) we or you are rightly guided or in plain error.) (34:24) Ibn Jurayj reported from Ibn `Abbas, it means "You will know and they will know on the Day of Judgement." Al-`Awfi reported from Ibn `Abbas;

بِأَيِّكُمُ الْمَفْتُونُ

(Which of you is Maftun (afflicted with madness) means which of you is crazy. This was also said by Mujahid and others as well. The literal meaning of Maftun is one who has been charmed or lured away from the truth and has strayed from it. Thus, the entire statement means, `so you will know and they will know,' or `you will be informed and they will be informed, as to which of you is afflicted with madness.' And Allah knows best. Then Allah says,

إِنَّ رَبَّكَ هُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِمَن ضَلَّ عَن سَبِيلِهِ وَهُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِالْمُهْتَدِينَ

(Verily, your Lord is the best Knower of him who has gone astray from His path, and He is the best Knower of those who are guided.) meaning, `He knows which of the two groups are truly guided among you, and He knows the party that is astray from the truth.'

Para mufasir berbeda pendapat tentang arti huruf "nun" yang terdapat dalam ayat ini. (Selanjutnya lihat jilid I dalam keterangan tentang huruf-huruf hijaiah yang terdapat pada permulaan surah dalam Al-Qur'an). Dalam ayat ini Allah bersumpah dengan al-qalam (pena) dan segala macam yang ditulis dengannya.

Suatu sumpah dilakukan adalah untuk meyakinkan pendengar atau orang yang diajak berbicara bahwa ucapan atau perkataan yang disampaikan itu adalah benar, tidak diragukan sedikit pun. Akan tetapi, sumpah itu kadang-kadang mempunyai arti yang lain, yaitu untuk mengingatkan orang yang diajak berbicara atau pendengar bahwa yang dipakai untuk bersumpah itu adalah suatu yang mulia, bernilai, bermanfaat, dan berharga. Oleh karena itu, perlu dipikirkan dan direnungkan agar dapat menjadi iktibar dan pengajaran dalam kehidupan dunia yang fana ini.

Sumpah dalam arti kedua ini adalah sumpah-sumpah Allah yang terdapat dalam surah-surah Al-Qur'an, seperti wal-'asr (demi masa), was-sama' (demi langit), wal-fajr (demi fajar), dan sebagainya. Seakan-akan dengan sumpah itu, Allah mengingatkan kepada manusia agar memperhatikan masa, langit, fajar, dan sebagainya. Segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan yang disebutkan itu perlu diperhatikan karena ada kaitannya dengan hidup dan kehidupan manusia dalam mencapai kebahagiaan di dunia dan di akhirat.

Dalam ayat ini, Allah bersumpah dengan qalam (pena) dan segala sesuatu yang ditulis dengannya. Hal itu untuk menyatakan bahwa qalam itu termasuk nikmat besar yang dianugerahkan Allah kepada manusia, di samping nikmat pandai berbicara dan menjelaskan sesuatu kepada orang lain. Dengan qalam, orang dapat mencatat ajaran agama Allah yang disampaikan kepada para rasul-Nya, dan mencatat pengetahuan-pengetahuan Allah yang baru ditemukannya. Dengan surat yang ditulis dengan qalam, orang dapat menyampaikan berita gembira dan berita duka kepada keluarga dan teman akrabnya. Dengan qalam, orang dapat mencerdaskan dan mendidik bangsanya, dan banyak lagi nikmat yang diperoleh manusia dengan qalam itu.

Pada masa Rasulullah saw, masyarakat Arab telah mengenal qalam dan kegunaannya, yaitu untuk menulis segala sesuatu yang terasa, yang terpikir, dan yang akan disampaikan kepada orang lain. Sekalipun demikian, belum banyak di antara mereka yang mempergunakannya karena masih banyak yang buta huruf dan ilmu pengetahuan belum berkembang.

Pada masa itu, kegunaan qalam sebagai sarana menyampaikan agama Allah sangat dirasakan. Dengan qalam, ayat-ayat Al-Qur'an ditulis di pelepah-pelepah kurma dan tulang-tulang binatang atas perintah Rasulullah. Beliau sendiri sangat menghargai orang-orang yang pandai menulis dan membaca. Hal ini tampak pada keputusan Nabi Muhammad saw pada Perang Badar, yaitu seorang kafir yang ditawan kaum Muslimin dapat dibebaskan dengan cara membayar uang tebusan atau mengajar kaum Muslimin menulis dan membaca.

Dengan ayat ini, seakan-akan Allah mengisyaratkan kepada kaum Muslimin bahwa ilmu-Nya sangat luas, tiada batas dan tiada terhingga. Oleh karena itu, cari dan tuntutlah ilmu-Nya yang sangat luas itu agar dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan duniawi. Untuk mencatat dan menyampaikan ilmu kepada orang lain dan agar tidak hilang karena lupa atau orang yang memilikinya meninggal dunia, diperlukan qalam sebagai alat untuk menuliskannya. Oleh karena itu, qalam erat hubungannya dan tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan perkembangan ilmu, kesejahteraan, dan kemaslahatan umat manusia.

Masa turun ayat ini dekat dengan ayat Al-Qur'an yang pertama kali diturunkan Allah kepada Nabi Muhammad saw, yaitu lima ayat pertama Surah al-'Alaq. Setelah Nabi menerima ayat 1-5 Surah al-'Alaq itu, beliau pulang ke rumahnya dalam keadaan gemetar dan ketakutan. Setelah hilang rasa gentar dan takutnya, Nabi saw dibawa Khadijah, istri beliau, ke rumah Waraqah bin Naufal, anak dari saudara ayahnya (saudara sepupu). Semua yang terjadi atas diri Rasulullah di gua Hira itu disampaikan kepada Waraqah, dan menanggapi hal itu, ia berkata, "Yang datang kepada Muhammad saw itu adalah seperti yang pernah datang kepada nabi-nabi sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, yang disampaikan malaikat Jibril itu adalah agama yang benar-benar berasal dari Allah." Kemudian Waraqah mengatakan bahwa ia akan mengikuti agama yang dibawa Muhammad itu.