Surah Al-Hijr 15:90

The Messenger is a Plain Warner

Allah commanded His Prophet to tell the people:

إِنِّى أَنَا النَّذِيرُ الْمُبِينُ

(I am indeed a plain warner) coming to warn the people of a severe punishment that they will suffer if they reject him, as happened to those nations before them who disbelieved in their Messengers, upon whom Allah sent His punishment and vengeance. In the two Sahihs it is reported from Abu Musa that the Prophet said:

«إِنَّمَا مَثَلِي وَمَثَلُ مَا بَعَثَنِي اللهُ بِهِ كَمَثَلِ رَجُلٍ أَتَى قَوْمَهَ فَقَالَ: يَا قَوْمِ إِنِّي رَأَيْتُ الْجَيْشَ بِعَيْنَيَّ، وَإِنِّي أَنَا النَّذِيرُ الْعُرْيَانُ فَالنَّجَاءَ النَّجَاءَ، فَأَطَاعَهُ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْ قَوْمِهِ فَأَدْلَجُوا وَانْطَلَقُوا عَلَى مُهْلِهِمْ فَنَجَوْا، وَكَذَّبَهُ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ فَأَصْبَحُوا مَكَانَهُمْ، فَصَبَّحَهُمُ الْجَيْشُ فَأَهْلَكَهُمْ وَاجْتَاحَهُمْ، فَذَلِكَ مَثَلُ مَنْ أَطَاعَنِي وَاتَّبَعَ مَا جِئْتُ بِهِ وَمَثَلُ مَنْ عَصَانِي وَكَذَّبَ مَا جِئْتُ بِهِ مِنَ الْحَق»

(The parable of myself and that with which Allah has sent me is that of a man who came to his people and said, `O people! I have seen the invading army with my own eyes, and I am a naked warner, so escape, escape!' Some of his people obeyed him and set out at nightfall, setting off at a slow pace and managing to escape. Others did not believe him and stayed where they were until the next morning when the invading army overtook them and destroyed them, wiping them out. This is the parable of the one who obeys me and follows what I have brought, and the example of the one who disobeys me and rejects the truth that I have brought.)

Explanation of "Al-Muqtasimin

الْمُقْتَسِمِينَ

(the Muqtasimin) refers to those who had made a pact to oppose, deny, and insult the Prophets. Similarly, Allah tells us about the people of Salih:

قَالُواْ تَقَاسَمُواْ بِاللَّهِ لَنُبَيِّتَنَّهُ وَأَهْلَهُ

(They said, "Swear to one another Taqasamu by Allah that we shall make a secret night attack on him and his household") 27:49 i.e., they plotted to kill him at night. Mujahid said "Taqasamu means they swore an oath."

وَأَقْسَمُواْ بِاللَّهِ جَهْدَ أَيْمَـنِهِمْ لاَ يَبْعَثُ اللَّهُ مَن يَمُوتُ

(And they swear by Allah with their strongest oaths, that Allah will not raise up one who dies)(16:38).

أَوَلَمْ تَكُونُواْ أَقْسَمْتُمْ مِّن قَبْلُ

((It will be said): "Did you not before swear that you would not leave (the world for the Hereafter)) (14:44)

أَهَـؤُلاءِ الَّذِينَ أَقْسَمْتُمْ لاَ يَنَالُهُمُ اللَّهُ بِرَحْمَةٍ

(Are they those, of whom you swore that Allah would never show them mercy)7:49 It is as if they took an oath for every single thing that they denied in this world, so they are called the Muqtasimin.

الَّذِينَ جَعَلُواْ الْقُرْءَانَ عِضِينَ

(Who have made the Qur'an into parts.) meaning, they have split up the Books that were revealed to them, believing in parts of them and rejecting parts of them. Al-Bukhari reported that Ibn `Abbas said,

جَعَلُواْ الْقُرْءَانَ عِضِينَ

(Who have made the Qur'an into parts.) "They are the People of the Book, who divided the Book into parts, believing in some of it, and rejecting some of it." Some have said that Al-Mutaqasimin refers to the Quraysh, that the Qur'an means this Qur'an as opposed to the Scriptures of the People of the Book, and that "made it into parts" referred to what `Ata' said that some of them said that he (the Prophet ) was a sorcerer, some said he was crazy, or a soothsayer. These various allegations were the parts. This opinion was also reported from Ad-Dahhak and others. Muhammad bin Ishaq reported from Ibn `Abbas that Al-Walid bin Al-Mughirah - holding a noble position among the people - rallied a group of Quraysh behind him when Al-Mawsim (the time for pilgrims to meet in Makkah for Hajj) had come. He said to them, "O people of Quraysh! The time of Al-Mawsim has come, and delegations of Arabs will come to you during this time. They will have heard some things about this companion of yours (meaning the Prophet ), so agree on one opinion, let there be no contradicting or denials of each other's sayings". They said, "And you, O Abu `Abd Shams, give us an opinion and we will say that." He said, "No, you make the suggestions and I will listen." They said, "We say he is a soothsayer." He said, "He is not a soothsayer." They said, "We say he is crazy." He said, "He is not crazy." They said, "We say he is a poet." He said, "He is not a poet." They said, "We say he is a sorcerer." He said, "He is not a sorcerer." They said, "So what should we say" He said, "By Allah, what he says is as palatable to the average person as something sweet, so you cannot say anything against it without it being obviously false. Therefore the most appropriate thing you can say is that he is a sorcerer." So they left having agreed upon that, and Allah revealed concerning them:

الَّذِينَ جَعَلُواْ الْقُرْءَانَ عِضِينَ

(Who have made the Qur'an into parts.) meaning, of different types, and

فَوَرَبِّكَ لَنَسْـَلَنَّهُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ - عَمَّا كَانُواْ يَعْمَلُونَ

(So, by your Lord, We shall certainly call all of them to account. For all that they used to do) Those were the group who said that about the Messenger of Allah ﷺ."

فَوَرَبِّكَ لَنَسْـَلَنَّهُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ - عَمَّا كَانُواْ يَعْمَلُونَ

(So, by your Lord, We shall certainly call all of them to account. For all that they used to do.) Abu Ja`far reported from Ar-Rabi` that Abu Al-`Aliyah said, "All the people will be asked about two things on the Day of Resurrection: what they used to worship, and what their response was to the Messengers." `Ali bin Abi Talhah repor- ted that Ibn `Abbas said,

فَوَرَبِّكَ لَنَسْـَلَنَّهُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ - عَمَّا كَانُواْ يَعْمَلُونَ

(So, by your Lord, We shall certainly call all of them to account. For all that they used to do.) then he said:

فَيَوْمَئِذٍ لاَّ يُسْـَلُ عَن ذَنبِهِ إِنسٌ وَلاَ جَآنٌّ

(So on that Day no question will be asked of man or Jinn as to his sin) (55:39). He said, "They will not be asked, `Did you do such and such' Because Allah knows better than they do about that. But He will say, `Why did you do such and such"'

Ayat ini menerangkan bahwa sebagaimana Allah telah meng-anugerahkan as-sab'ul-matsani kepada umat Nabi Muhammad, Dia juga telah menganugerahkan yang serupa itu kepada umat-umat sebelumnya dengan perantaraan nabi-nabi yang telah diutus kepada mereka. Seperti halnya sikap dan tindakan umat yang terdahulu terhadap kitab-kitab yang diturunkan kepada mereka, demikian pula sikap orang-orang musyrik di Mekah yang telah menamakan Al-Qur'an dengan nama yang bermacam-macam, seperti syair, sihir, dongeng-dongeng orang purbakala, buatan Muhammad, dan sebagainya.

Para mufasir berbeda pendapat tentang yang dimaksud dengan perkataan "al-muqtasimin" (orang yang membagi-bagi).

Pendapat pertama mengartikan al-muqtasimin dengan orang-orang kafir yang telah bersumpah bahwa Allah tidak akan membangkitkan orang yang mati. Perkataan ini sesuai dengan firman Allah swt:

Dan mereka bersumpah dengan (nama) Allah dengan sumpah yang sungguh-sungguh, "Allah tidak akan membangkitkan orang yang mati." Tidak demikian (pasti Allah akan membangkitkannya), sebagai suatu janji yang benar dari-Nya, tetapi kebanyakan manusia tidak mengetahui. (an-Nahl/16: 38)

Dan firman Allah swt:

Itukah orang-orang yang kamu telah bersumpah, bahwa mereka tidak akan mendapat rahmat Allah? (al-A'raf/7: 49)

Pendapat kedua mengartikan al-muqtasimin dengan "orang-orang yang membagi-bagi" kitab Allah, yaitu mengurangi, menukar, dan menambah isi kitab Allah yang telah diturunkan kepada para rasul-Nya. Dasar pendapat mereka ialah firman Allah swt:

¦Apakah kamu beriman kepada sebagian Kitab (Taurat) dan ingkar kepada sebagian (yang lain)?... (al-Baqarah/2: 85)

Dan firman Allah swt:

(Yaitu) di antara orang Yahudi, yang mengubah perkataan dari tempat-tempatnya¦ (an-Nisa'/4: 46)

Pendapat ketiga mengartikan al-muqtasimin dengan "orang-orang yang membagi-bagi". Maksudnya ialah mereka menamakan Al-Qur'an sesuai dengan nama yang mereka ingini, sehingga orang tidak mempercayai sebagai kitab yang diturunkan Allah. Alasan mereka ialah firman Allah swt:

Bahkan mereka mengatakan, "(Al-Qur'an itu buah) mimpi-mimpi yang kacau, atau hasil rekayasanya (Muhammad), atau bahkan dia hanya seorang penyair. (al-Anbiya/21: 5)

Firman Allah swt:

Lalu dia berkata, "(Al-Qur'an) ini hanyalah sihir yang dipelajari (dari orang-orang dahulu). (al-Muddatstsir/74: 24)

Setiap pendapat di atas mempunyai dalil-dalil yang kuat, tetapi yang lebih tepat dan sesuai dengan ayat-ayat ini ialah pendapat ketiga, apalagi jika dihubungkan dengan ayat-ayat selanjutnya, yaitu firman Allah yang artinya: "Yaitu orang-orang yang telah menjadikan Al-Qur'an itu terbagi-bagi".

Al-Maragi, menukil pendapat Ibnu Abbas, mengatakan bahwa orang-orang Yahudi dan Nasrani telah menjadikan pula Al-Qur'an itu terbagi-bagi, ada bagian yang mereka percayai, dan ada pula bagian yang mereka ingkari.

Hasan al-Basri berpendapat bahwa orang-orang musyrik Mekah telah membagi-bagi jalan yang akan dilalui manusia, kemudian mereka berdiri di jalan yang akan dilalui manusia dan menakut-nakuti orang-orang yang akan menempuh jalan yang telah dibentangkan oleh Nabi saw.