Surah Al-Baqarah 2:44

The Condemnation of commanding Others to observe Righteousnesswhile ignoring Righteousness

Allah said, "How is it, O People of the Book, that you command people to perform Al-Birr, which encompasses all types of righteousness, yet forget yourselves and do not heed what you call others to And you read Allah's Book (the Tawrah) and know what it promises to those who do not fulfill Allah's commandments.

أَفَلاَ تَعْقِلُونَ

(Have you then no sense) of what you are doing to yourselves, so that you might become aware of your slumber and restore your sight from blindness" `Abdur-Razzaq said that Ma`mar stated that Qatadah commented on Allah's statement,

أَتَأْمُرُونَ النَّاسَ بِالْبِرِّ وَتَنسَوْنَ أَنفُسَكُمْ

(Enjoin you Al-Birr (piety and righteousness and every act of obedience to Allah) on the people and you forget (to practise it) yourselves,) "The Children of Israel used to command people to obey Allah, fear Him and perform Al-Birr. Yet, they contradicted these orders, so Allah reminded them of this fact." As-Suddi said similarly. Ibn Jurayj said that the Ayah:

أَتَأْمُرُونَ النَّاسَ بِالْبِرِّ

(Enjoin you Al-Birr on the people) "Is about the People of the Book and the hypocrites. They used to command people to pray and fast. However, they did not practice what they commanded others. Allah reminded them of this behavior. So whoever commands people to do righteousness, let him be among the first of them to implement that command." Also, Muhammad bin Ishaq narrated that Ibn `Abbas said that,

وَتَنسَوْنَ أَنفُسَكُمْ

(And you forget yourselves,) means, "You forget to practice it yourselves,

وَأَنتُمْ تَتْلُونَ الْكِتَـبَ أَفَلاَ تَعْقِلُونَ

(While you recite the Scripture (Tawrah)! Have you then no sense) You forbid the people from rejecting the prophethood and the covenant that you have mentioned with you in the Tawrah, while you yourselves have forgoten it, meaning that `you have forgotten the covenant that I made with you that you will accept My Messenger. You have breeched My covenant, and rejected what you know is in My Book.' "

Therefore, Allah admonished the Jews for this behavior and alerted them to the wrongs that they were perpetrating against themselves by ordering righteousness, yet refraining themselves from righteousness. We should state that Allah is not criticizing the People of the Book for ordering righteousness, because enjoining good is a part of righteousness and is an obligation for the scholars. However, the scholar is himself required to heed, and adhere to, what he invites others to. For instance, Prophet Shu`ayb said,

وَمَآ أُرِيدُ أَنْ أُخَالِفَكُمْ إِلَى مَآ أَنْهَـكُمْ عَنْهُ إِنْ أُرِيدُ إِلاَّ الإِصْلَـحَ مَا اسْتَطَعْتُ وَمَا تَوْفِيقِى إِلاَّ بِاللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ تَوَكَّلْتُ وَإِلَيْهِ أُنِيبُ

(I wish not, in contradiction to you, to do that which I forbid you. I only desire reform to the best of my power. And my guidance cannot come except from Allah, in Him I trust and unto Him I repent) (11:88).

Therefore, enjoining righteousness and performing righteousness are both required. Neither category is rendered not necessary by the practice of the other, according to the most correct view of the scholars among the Salaf (predecessors) and the Khalaf.

Imam Ahmad reported that Abu Wa'il said, "While I was riding behind Usamah, he was asked, `Why not advise `Uthman' He said, `Do you think that if I advise him I should allow you to hear it I advise him in secret, and I will not start something that I would hate to be the first to start. I will not say to a man, `You are the best man,' even if he was my leader, after what I heard from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ .' They said, `What did he say' He said, `I heard him say,

«يُجَاءُ بِالرَّجُلِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامةِ فَيُلْقَى فِي النَّار فَتَنْدَلِقُ بِه أَقْتَابُهُ فيَدُورُ بِهَا فِي النَّار كَمَا يَدُورُ الْحِمَارُ بِرَحَاهُ فيُطِيفُ بِهِ أَهْلُ النَّار فَيَقُولُون: يَا فُلَانُ ما أَصَابَكَ؟ أَلَمْ تَكُنْ تَأْمُرُنَا بِالْمَعْرُوف وَتَنْهَانَا عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ؟ فَيَقُولُ: كُنْتُ آمرُكُمْ باِلْمَعْرُوفِ وَلَا آتِيهِ وَأَنْهَاكُمْ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَآتِيه»

(A man will be brought on the Day of Resurrection and thrown in the Fire. His intestines will fall out and he will continue circling pulling them behind him, just as the donkey goes around the pole. The people of the Fire will go to that man and ask him, `What happened to you Did you not used to command us to do righteous acts and forbid us from committing evil' He will say, `Yes. I used to enjoin righteousness, but refrained from performing righteousness, and I used to forbid you to perform from evil while I myself did it.')."'

This Hadith was also recorded by Al-Bukhari and Muslim. eAlso, Ibrahim An-Nakha`i said, "I hesitate in advising people because of three Ayat:

أَتَأْمُرُونَ النَّاسَ بِالْبِرِّ وَتَنسَوْنَ أَنفُسَكُمْ

(Enjoin you Al-Birr on the people and you forget (to practise it) yourselves).

يأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لِمَ تَقُولُونَ مَا لاَ تَفْعَلُونَ - كَبُرَ مَقْتاً عِندَ اللَّهِ أَن تَقُولُواْ مَا لاَ تَفْعَلُونَ

(O you who believe! Why do you say that which you do not do Most hateful it is to Allah that you say that which you do not do) (61:2-3)."

And Allah informed us that the Prophet Shu`ayb said,

وَمَآ أُرِيدُ أَنْ أُخَالِفَكُمْ إِلَى مَآ أَنْهَـكُمْ عَنْهُ إِنْ أُرِيدُ إِلاَّ الإِصْلَـحَ مَا اسْتَطَعْتُ وَمَا تَوْفِيقِى إِلاَّ بِاللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ تَوَكَّلْتُ وَإِلَيْهِ أُنِيبُ

(I wish not, in contradiction to you, to do that which I forbid you. I only desire reform to the best of my power. And my guidance cannot come except from Allah, in Him I trust and unto Him I repent) (11:88).

Latar belakang ayat ini menurut Ibnu 'Abbas adalah di antara orang-orang Yahudi di Medinah ada yang memberi nasihat kepada keluarga dan kerabat dekatnya yang sudah masuk Islam supaya tetap memeluk agama Islam. Yang diperintahkan orang ini adalah benar yaitu menyuruh orang lain untuk berbuat benar tetapi mereka sendiri tidak mengamalkannya. Maka pada ayat ini Allah mencela tingkah laku dan perbuatan mereka yang tidak baik dan membawa kepada kesesatan. Di antara kesesatan-kesesatan yang telah dilakukan bangsa Yahudi ialah mereka menyatakan beriman kepada kitab suci mereka yaitu Taurat, tetapi ternyata mereka tidak membacanya dengan baik.

Dalam ayat ini disebutkan bahwa mereka "melupakan" diri mereka. Maksudnya ialah "membiarkan" diri mereka rugi, sebab biasanya manusia tidak pernah melupakan dirinya untuk memperoleh keuntungan, dan dia tak rela apabila orang lain mendahuluinya mendapat kebahagiaan. Ungkapan "melupakan" itu menunjukkan betapa mereka melalaikan dan tidak mempedulikan apa yang sepatutnya mereka lakukan, seakan-akan Allah berfirman, "Jika benar-benar kamu yakin kepada Allah bahwa Dia akan memberikan pahala atas perbuatan yang baik, dan mengancam akan mengazab orang-orang yang meninggalkan perbuatan-perbuatan yang baik itu, mengapakah kamu melupakan kepentingan dirimu sendiri?"

Cukup jelas bahwa susunan kalimat ini mengandung celaan yang tak ada taranya, karena barang siapa menyuruh orang lain untuk melakukan perbuatan kebajikan tetapi dia sendiri tidak melakukannya, berarti dia telah menyalahi ucapannya sendiri. Para pendeta yang selalu membacakan kitab suci kepada orang-orang lain, tentu lebih mengetahui isi kitab itu daripada orang-orang yang mereka suruh untuk mengikutinya. Besar sekali perbedaan antara orang yang melakukan suatu perbuatan padahal dia belum mengetahui benar faedah dari perbuatan itu, dengan orang yang meninggalkan perbuatan itu padahal dia mengetahui benar faedah dari perbuatan yang ditinggalkannya itu. Oleh sebab itu, Allah memandang bahwa mereka seolah-olah tidak berakal, sebab orang yang berakal, betapapun lemahnya, tentu akan mengamalkan ilmu pengetahuannya.

Firman Allah ini, walaupun ditujukan kepada Bani Israil, namun menjadi pelajaran pula bagi yang lain. Setiap bangsa, baik perseorangan maupun keseluruhannya, hendaklah memperhatikan keadaan dirinya, dan berusaha untuk menjauhkan diri dari keadaan dan sifat- sifat seperti yang terdapat pada bangsa Yahudi yang dikritik dalam ayat tersebut di atas, agar tidak menemui akibat seperti yang mereka alami.