Surah Al-Baqarah 2:10

The Meaning of `Disease' in this Ayah

As-Suddi narrated from Abu Malik and (also) from Abu Salih, from Ibn `Abbas, and (also) Murrah Al-Hamdani from Ibn Mas`ud and other Companions that this Ayah,

فِى قُلُوبِهِمْ مَّرَضٌ

(In their hearts is a disease) means, `doubt', and,

فَزَادَهُمُ اللَّهُ مَرَضًا

(And Allah has increased their disease) also means `doubt'. Mujahid, `Ikrimah, Al-Hasan Al-Basri, Abu Al-`Aliyah, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and Qatadah also said similarly. `Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam commented on,

فِى قُلُوبِهِمْ مَّرَضٌ

(In their hearts is a disease), "A disease in the religion, not a physical disease. They are the hypocrites and the disease is the doubt that they brought to Islam.

فَزَادَهُمُ اللَّهُ مَرَضًا

(And Allah has increased their disease) meaning, increased them in shameful behavior." He also recited,

فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ ءامَنُواْ فَزَادَتْهُمْ إِيمَـناً وَهُمْ يَسْتَبْشِرُونَوَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ فِى قُلُوبِهِم مَّرَضٌ فَزَادَتْهُمْ رِجْسًا إِلَى رِجْسِهِمْ

(As for those who believe, it has increased their faith, and they rejoice. But as for those in whose hearts is a disease, it will add disgrace to their disgrace.) (9:124-125) and commented, "Evil to their evil and deviation to their deviation." This statement by `Abdur-Rahman is true, and it constitutes a punishment that is compatible to the sin, just as the earlier scholars stated. Similarly, Allah said,

وَالَّذِينَ اهْتَدَوْاْ زَادَهُمْ هُدًى وَءَاتَـهُمْ تَقُوَاهُمْ

(While as for those who accept guidance, He increases their guidance and grants them their piety) (47:17).

Allah said next,

بِمَا كَانُواْ يَكْذِبُونَ

(Because they used to tell lies). The hypocrites have two characteristics, they lie and they deny the Unseen.

The scholars who stated that the Prophet ﷺ knew the hypocrites of his time have only the Hadith of Hudhayfah bin Al-Yaman as evidence. In it the Prophet ﷺ gave him the names of fourteen hypocrites during the battle of Tabuk. These hypocrites plotted to assassinate the Prophet ﷺ during the night on a hill in that area. They planned to excite the Prophet's ﷺ camel, so that she would throw him down the hill. Allah informed the Prophet ﷺ about their plot, and the Prophet ﷺ told Hudhayfah their names.

As for the other hypocrites, Allah said about them,

وَمِمَّنْ حَوْلَكُم مِّنَ الاٌّعْرَابِ مُنَـفِقُونَ وَمِنْ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ مَرَدُواْ عَلَى النَّفَاقِ لاَ تَعْلَمُهُمْ نَحْنُ نَعْلَمُهُمْ

(And among the bedouins around you, some are hypocrites, and so are some among the people of Al-Madinah who persist in hypocrisy; you (O Muhammad ) know them not, We know them) (9:101), and,

لَّئِن لَّمْ يَنتَهِ الْمُنَـفِقُونَ وَالَّذِينَ فِى قُلُوبِهِمْ مَّرَضٌ وَالْمُرْجِفُونَ فِى الْمَدِينَةِ لَنُغْرِيَنَّكَ بِهِمْ ثُمَّ لاَ يُجَاوِرُونَكَ فِيهَآ إِلاَّ قَلِيلاً - مَّلْعُونِينَ أَيْنَمَا ثُقِفُواْ أُخِذُواْ وَقُتِّلُواْ تَقْتِيلاً

(If the hypocrites, and those in whose hearts is a disease, and those who spread false news among the people in Al-Madinah do not cease, We shall certainly let you overpower them, then they will not be able to stay in it as your neighbors but a little while. Accursed, they shall be seized wherever found, and killed with a (terrible) slaughter) (33:60-61).

These Ayat prove that the Prophet ﷺ was not informed about each and everyone among the hypocrites of his time. Rather, the Prophet ﷺ was only informed about their characteristics, and he used to assume that some people possessed these characteristics. Similarly, Allah said,

وَلَوْ نَشَآءُ لأَرَيْنَـكَهُمْ فَلَعَرَفْتَهُم بِسِيمَـهُمْ وَلَتَعْرِفَنَّهُمْ فِى لَحْنِ الْقَوْلِ

(Had We willed, We could have shown them to you, and you should have known them by their marks; but surely, you will know them by the tone of their speech!) (47:30).

The most notorious hypocrite at that time was `Abdullah bin Ubayy bin Salul; Zayd bin Arqam - the Companion - gave truthful testimony to that effect. In addition, `Umar bin Al-Khattab once mentioned the matter of Ibn Salul to the Prophet ﷺ, who said,

«إِنِّي أَكْرَهُ أَنْ تَتَحَدَّثَ الْعَرَبُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا يَقْتُلُ أَصْحَابَه»

(I would not like the Arabs to say to each other that Muhammad is killing his Companions.)

Yet, when Ibn Salul died, the Prophet ﷺ performed the funeral prayer for him and attended his funeral just as he used to do with other Muslims. It was recorded in the Sahih that the Prophet ﷺ said,

«إِنِّي خُيِّرْتُ فَاخْتَرْت»

(I was given the choice (to pray for him or not), so I chose.)

In another narration, the Prophet ﷺ said,

«لَوْ أَعْلَمُ أَنِّي لَوْ زِدْتُ عَلَى السَّبْعِينَ يُغْفَرُ لَهُ لَزِدْت»

(If I knew that by asking (Allah to forgive Ibn Salul) more than seventy times that He would forgive him, then I would do that.)

Pada ayat ini diterangkan keburukan dusta atau sikap berpura-pura dan akibat-akibatnya. Dendam, iri hati dan ragu-ragu termasuk penyakit jiwa. Penyakit ini akan bertambah parah, bilamana disertai dengan perbuatan nyata. Misalnya rasa sedih pada seseorang akan bertambah dalam, apabila disertainya dengan perbuatan nyata, seperti menangis, meronta-ronta dan sebagainya. Penyakit-penyakit dengki demikian itu terdapat dalam jiwa orang-orang munafik. Oleh karena itu mereka memusuhi Allah dan Rasul-Nya, menipu dengan sikap pura-pura dan berusaha mencelakakan Rasul dan umatnya. Kemudian penyakit itu bertambah-tambah setelah melihat kemenangan-kemenangan Rasul. Setiap kali Rasul memperoleh kemenangan, bertambah pulalah penyakit mereka. Terutama sekali penyakit bimbang dan ragu-ragu, menimbulkan ketegangan jiwa yang sangat pada orang-orang munafik. Akal pikiran mereka bertambah lemah untuk menanggapi kebenaran agama dan memahaminya, bahkan pancaindra mereka tidak mampu menangkap obyek dengan benar, seperti yang diungkapkan Allah dengan firman-Nya:

"Mereka memiliki hati, tetapi tidak dipergunakannya untuk memahami (ayat-ayat Allah) dan mereka memiliki mata, (tetapi) tidak dipergunakannya untuk melihat (tanda-tanda kekuasaan Allah), dan mereka mempunyai telinga, (tetapi) tidak dipergunakannya untuk mendengar (ayat-ayat Allah). Mereka seperti hewan ternak, bahkan lebih sesat lagi. Mereka itulah orang-orang yang lengah" (al-A'raf/7: 179)

Bukti-bukti telah nyata, cahaya kebenaran yang terang benderang juga jelas bagi mereka, namun mereka enggan menerimanya, bahkan mereka tambah erat berpegang kepada pendiriannya yang lama. Cahaya terang menjadi gelap di mata mereka dan menjadi penyakit di hati mereka. Hati mereka bertambah susah disebabkan lenyapnya kepemimpinan mereka. Iri dan dengki tambah mendalam karena menyaksikan kukuhnya Islam dari hari ke hari. Akibat pendustaan mereka, yaitu mengaku beriman kepada Allah dan hari akhir dan tipu daya mereka terhadap Allah, mereka akan menderita azab yang pedih.

Dalam ayat ini dan ayat-ayat berikutnya, Allah menerangkan sebagian dari sifat-sifat orang munafik yang melakukan tindakan-tindakan yang merusak, antara lain membantu orang-orang kafir (musuh-musuh Islam) dengan membukakan rahasia kaum Muslimin, mendorong orang-orang kafir segera menghancurkan kaum Muslimin, mengadakan perjanjian kerja sama dengan lawan-lawan Islam, menimbulkan pertentangan-pertentangan dalam masyarakat, menghasut orang-orang Islam agar meninggalkan Nabi saw dan lain sebagainya. Firman Allah:

Dan apabila dia berpaling (dari engkau), dia berusaha untuk berbuat kerusakan di bumi, serta merusak tanam-tanaman dan ternak, sedang Allah tidak menyukai kerusakan. (al-Baqarah/2: 205)