Surah At-Tawbah 9:91

Legitimate Excuses for staying away from Jihad

Allah mentions here the valid excuses that permit one to stay away from fighting. He first mentions the excuses that remain with a person, the weakness in the body that disallows one from Jihad, such as blindness, limping, and so forth. He then mentions the excuses that are not permanent, such as an illness that would prevent one from fighting in the cause of Allah, or poverty that prevents preparing for Jihad. There is no sin in these cases if they remain behind, providing that when they remain behind, they do not spread malice or try to discourage Muslims from fighting, but all the while observing good behavior in this state, just as Allah said,

مَا عَلَى الْمُحْسِنِينَ مِن سَبِيلٍ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ

(No means (of complaint) can there be against the doers of good. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.) Al-Awza`i said, "The people went out for the Istisqa' (rain) prayer. Bilal bin Sa`d stood up, praised Allah and thanked Him then said, `O those who are present! Do you concur that wrong has been done' They said, `Yes, by Allah!' He said, `O Allah! We hear your statement,

مَا عَلَى الْمُحْسِنِينَ مِن سَبِيلٍ

(No means (of complaint) can there be against the doers of good.) O Allah! We admit our errors, so forgive us and give us mercy and rain.' He then raised his hands and the people also raised their hands, and rain was sent down on them." Mujahid said about Allah's statement,

وَلاَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ إِذَا مَآ أَتَوْكَ لِتَحْمِلَهُمْ

(Nor (is there blame) on those who came to you to be provided with mounts) Mujahid said; "It was revealed about Bani Muqarrin from the tribe of Muzaynah. " Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Al-Hasan said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«لَقَدْ خَلَّفْتُمْ بِالْمَدِينَةِ أَقْوَامًا مَا أَنْفَقْتُمْ مِنْ نَفَقَةٍ وَلَا قَطَعْتُمْ وَادِيًا وَلَا نِلْتُمْ مِنْ عَدُوَ نَيْلًا إِلَّا وَقَدْ شَرَكُوكُمْ فِي الْأَجْر»

(Some people have remained behind you in Al-Madinah; and you never spent anything, crossed a valley, or afflicted hardship on an enemy, but they were sharing the reward with you.) He then recited the Ayah,

وَلاَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ إِذَا مَآ أَتَوْكَ لِتَحْمِلَهُمْ قُلْتَ لاَ أَجِدُ مَآ أَحْمِلُكُمْ عَلَيْهِ

(Nor (is there blame) on those who came to you to be provided with mounts, when you said: "I can find no mounts for you.") This Hadith has a basis in the Two Sahihs from Anas, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«إِنَّ بِالْمَدِينَةِ أَقْوَامًا مَا قَطَعْتُمْ وَادِيًا وَلَا سِرْتُمْ سَيْرًا إِلَّا وَهُمْ مَعَكُم»

(Some people have remained behind in Al-Madinah and you never crossed a valley or marched forth, but they were with you.) They said, "While they are still at Al-Madinah" He said,

«نَعَمْ حَبَسَهُمُ الْعُذْر»

(Yes, as they have been held back by a (legal) excuse.) Then, Allah criticized those who seek permission to remain behind while they are rich, admonishing them for wanting to stay behind with women who remained in their homes,

وَطَبَعَ اللَّهُ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ فَهُمْ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ

(and Allah has sealed up their hearts, so that they know not (what they are losing).)

Sabab Nuzul: Ada beberapa riwayat yang menerangkan sebab turunnya ayat ini. Di antaranya riwayat yang diterangkan oleh Ibnu Abi hatim dari Zaid bin sabit dia mengatakan, "Aku adalah penulis wahyu yang diturunkan kepada Rasulullah. Ketika aku menulis surah Baraah, kemudian pena kuletakkan di atas telingaku, maka turunlah wahyu yang memerintah-kan kami berperang. Ketika Rasulullah memperhatikan wahyu yang diturun-kan kepadanya, tiba-tiba datang seorang buta, seraya berkata, "Ya Rasulullah, bagaimana caranya agar saya ikut berperang, sedang saya orang buta," maka turunlah ayat ini."

Dalam ayat ini diterangkan, orang-orang yang dibolehkan tidak ikut berperang yakni bebas dari kewajiban ikut berperang. Mereka ini tidak termasuk orang yang bersalah dan tidak berdosa karena meninggalkan kewajiban berperang bilamana mereka benar-benar mempunyai alasan yang dapat dibenarkan, dan alasan itu dikemukakannya dengan jujur dan ikhlas, yaitu:

1. Orang lemah, yaitu orang yang lemah fisiknya yang tidak memungkinkan dia ikut berperang, seperti orang lanjut usia, perempuan dan anak-anak, begitu juga orang cacat, seperti buta, pekak, lumpuh, patah, dan sebagainya.

2. Orang sakit yang tidak mungkin ikut berperang. Tetapi kalau sudah sembuh mereka wajib ikut berperang.

3. Orang miskin yang tidak mempunyai sarana dan bekal untuk perang.

Ketiga golongan ini bebas dari kewajiban berperang. Namun demikian karena kejujuran dan keikhlasannya kepada Allah dan Rasul, dia masih merasa berkewajiban untuk mengerjakan tugas-tugas yang lain seperti menjaga rumah dan kampung, mengawasi kalau ada mata-mata dan pengkhianat, memelihara rahasia, menyuruh orang agar tetap tenang, berbuat kebajikan dan berdoa, agar orang mukmin yang pergi berperang dilindungi oleh Allah dan mendapat kemenangan yang gilang-gemilang.

Ketiga macam orang-orang yang mempunyai alasan yang dibenarkan syara ini, betul-betul mereka ikhlas, beriman kepada Allah dan taat kepada Rasul, mereka tergolong orang-orang yang berbuat kebajikan. Mereka ini tidak termasuk orang-orang yang bersalah, berdosa dan disiksa. Pada akhir ayat ini dijelaskan, bahwa Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang. Artinya Allah banyak ampunan-Nya dan luas rahmat-Nya, terhadap hamba-hamba-Nya yang lemah dalam menunaikan kewajibannya, selama mereka jujur dan ikhlas kepada Allah dan kepada Rasul-Nya.