Surah At-Tawbah 9:13

Encouragement to fight the Disbelievers, and some Benefits of fighting Them

These Ayat encourage, direct and recommend fighting against the idolators who break the terms of their covenants, those who tried to expel the Messenger from Makkah. Allah said in other Ayat,

وَإِذْ يَمْكُرُ بِكَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ لِيُثْبِتُوكَ أَوْ يَقْتُلُوكَ أَوْ يُخْرِجُوكَ وَيَمْكُرُونَ وَيَمْكُرُ اللَّهُ وَاللَّهُ خَيْرُ الْمَـكِرِينَ

(And (remember) when the disbelievers plotted against you to imprison you, or to kill you, or to expell you; they were plotting and Allah too was plotting; and Allah is the best of those who plot.) 8:30,

يُخْرِجُونَ الرَّسُولَ وَإِيَّـكُمْ أَن تُؤْمِنُواْ بِاللَّهِ رَبِّكُمْ

(...and have driven out the Messenger and yourselves (from your homeland) because you believe in Allah your Lord!) 60:1, and,

وَإِن كَادُواْ لَيَسْتَفِزُّونَكَ مِنَ الاٌّرْضِ لِيُخْرِجُوكَ مِنْهَا

(And verily, they were about to frighten you so much as to drive you out from the land.) 17:76 Allah's statement,

وَهُم بَدَءُوكُمْ أَوَّلَ مَرَّةٍ

(while they did attack you first), refers to the battle of Badr when the idolators marched to protect their caravan. When they knew that their caravan escaped safely, they still went ahead with their intent to fight Muslims out of arrogance, as we mentioned before. It was also said that these Ayat refer to the idolators breaking the peace agreement with Muslims and aiding Bani Bakr, their allies, against Khuza`ah, the ally of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. This is why the Messenger of Allah ﷺ marched to Makkah in the year of the victory, thus conquering it, all thanks and praise is due to Allah. Allah said,

أَتَخْشَوْنَهُمْ فَاللَّهُ أَحَقُّ أَن تَخْشَوْهُ إِن كُنتُم مُّؤُمِنِينَ

(Do you fear them Allah has more right that you should fear Him if you are believers.) Allah says here, `Do not fear idolators, but fear Me instead, for I am worthy of being feared by the servants due to My might and punishment. In My Hand lies the matter; whatever I will occurs, and whatever I do not will does not occur.' Allah next said, while ordering the believers and explaining the wisdom of ordaining Jihad against them, all the while able to destroy their enemies with a command from Him,

قَـتِلُوهُمْ يُعَذِّبْهُمُ اللَّهُ بِأَيْدِيكُمْ وَيُخْزِهِمْ وَيَنْصُرْكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ وَيَشْفِ صُدُورَ قَوْمٍ مُّؤْمِنِينَ

(Fight against them so that Allah will punish them by your hands, and disgrace them and give you victory over them, and heal the breasts of a believing people.) This Ayah includes all believers, even though Mujahid, `Ikrimah and As-Suddi said that it refers to Khuza`ah. Concerning the believers, Allah said;

وَيُذْهِبْ غَيْظَ قُلُوبِهِمْ

(and remove the anger of their hearts), then

وَيَتُوبُ اللَّهُ عَلَى مَن يَشَآءُ

(Allah accepts the repentance of whom He wills), from His servants,

وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ

(Allah is All-Knowing), in what benefits His servants,

حَكِيمٌ

(All-Wise), in His actions and statements, whether narrative or legislative. Allah does what He wills, decides what He wills, and He is the Just Who never wrongs any. Not even the weight of an atom of good or evil is ever neglected with Him, but rather, He compensates for it in this life and the Hereafter.

Ayat ini mendorong semangat orang-orang mukmin untuk melaksanakan dengan sungguh-sungguh perintah memerangi kaum musyrikin.

Allah menyebutkan tiga sebab utama yang membuktikan bahwa orang-orang musyrik tidak bisa didiamkan dan dibiarkan saja, yaitu:

1. Mereka melanggar perjanjian Hudaibiyah yang telah mereka sepakati bersama Nabi Muhammad saw dan para sahabatnya untuk tidak berperang selama 10 tahun dan tidak boleh saling mengganggu antara kedua belah pihak dan sekutu-sekutunya. Tetapi tidak lama berselang, pihak musyrikin Quraisy telah membantu sekutunya dari Bani Bakar untuk menyerang suku Khuzaah sekutu Nabi yang tinggal di Mekah. Oleh karena itu Nabi merasa berkewajiban membela kaum Muslimin. Akhirnya pada tanggal 20 Ramadzan tahun ke-8 Hijri, Mekah dapat dibebaskan oleh kaum Muslimin.

2. Sebelum Nabi Muhammad saw hijrah ke Medinah, kaum musyrikin telah berusaha keras untuk mengusir Nabi Muhammad saw dari Mekah, memenjarakan atau membunuhnya dengan mempergunakan kekuatan dari suku Quraisy agar keluarga Nabi Muhammad saw sukar menuntut bela. Inilah yang diisyaratkan oleh firman Allah:

Dan (ingatlah), ketika orang-orang kafir (Quraisy) memikirkan tipu daya terhadapmu (Muhammad) untuk menangkap dan memenjarakanmu atau membunuhmu, atau mengusirmu. Mereka membuat tipu daya dan Allah menggagalkan tipu daya itu. Allah adalah sebaik-baik pembalas tipu daya. (al-Anfal/8: 30)

3. Mereka yang memulai lebih dahulu memerangi kaum Mukminin di Badar, Uhud, Khandaq, dan lain-lain.

Setelah menerangkan tiga sebab utama tersebut, semangat dan perhatian orang mukmin dibangkitkan agar tidak takut menghadapi kaum musyrikin, karena Allah yang lebih berhak untuk ditakuti jika benar-benar mereka beriman. Orang yang benar-benar beriman kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya harus berani berkorban demi kepentingan agama dan kebenaran tanpa dibayangi oleh suatu keraguan yang menimbulkan ketakutan dan kemunduran semangat yang sangat merugikan mereka sendiri.