Surah At-Tawbah 9:113

The Prohibition of supplicating for Polytheists

Imam Ahmad recorded that Ibn Al-Musayyib said that his father Al-Musayyib said, "When Abu Talib was dying, the Prophet went to him and found Abu Jahl and `Abdullah bin Abi Umayyah present. The Prophet said,

(O uncle! Say, `La ilaha illa-llah,' a word concerning which I will plea for you with Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored.) Abu Jahl and `Abdullah bin Abi Umayyah said, `O Abu Talib! Would you leave the religion of Abdul-Muttalib' Abu Talib said, `Rather, I will remain on the religion of Abdul-Muttalib.' The Prophet said,

(I will invoke Allah for forgiveness for you, as long as I am not prohibited from doing so.) This verse was revealed,

(It is not (proper) for the Prophet and those who believe to ask Allah's forgiveness for the Mushrikin, even though they be of kin, after it has become clear to them that they are the dwellers of the Fire.) Concerning Abu Talib, this Ayah was revealed,

(Verily, you guide not whom you like, but Allah guides whom He wills) 28:56." This Hadith is recorded in the Two Sahihs. Ibn Jarir recorded that Sulayman bin Buraydah said that his father said, "When the Prophet came to Makkah, he went to a grave, sat next to it, started talking and then stood up with tears in his eyes. We said, `O Allah's Messenger! We saw what you did.' He said,

(I asked my Lord for permission to visit the grave of my mother and He gave me permission. I asked for His permission to invoke Him for forgiveness for her, but He did not give me permission.) We never saw him more tearful than on that day."' Al-`Awfi narrated from Ibn `Abbas about Allah's statement,

(It is not (proper) for the Prophet and those who believe to ask Allah's forgiveness for the Mushrikin) "The Prophet wanted to invoke Allah for forgiveness for his mother, but Allah did not allow him. The Prophet said,

(Ibrahim, Allah's Khalil, invoked Allah for his father.) Allah revealed,

(And Ibrahim's invoking (of Allah) for his father's forgiveness was only because of a promise he Ibrahim had made to him (his father)). " `Ali bin Abi Talhah narrated that Ibn `Abbas commented on this Ayah, "They used to invoke Allah for them (pagans) until this Ayah was revealed. They then refrained from invoking Allah to forgive the dead among them, but were not stopped from invoking Allah for the living among them until they die. Allah sent this Ayah,

(And Ibrahim's invoking (of Allah) for his father's forgiveness was only...) 9:114." Allah said next,

(But when it became clear to him Ibrahim that he (his father) is an enemy of Allah, he dissociated himself from him) 9:114. Ibn `Abbas commented, "Ibrahim kept asking Allah to forgive his father until he died, when he realized that he died as an enemy to Allah, he disassociated himself from him." In another narration, he said, "When his father died he realized that he died as an enemy of Allah." Similar was said by Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak, Qatadah and several others. `Ubayd bin `Umayr and Sa`id bin Jubayr said, "Ibrahim will disown his father on the Day of Resurrection, but he will meet his father and see dust and fatigue on his face. He will say, `O Ibrahim! I disobeyed you, but today, I will not disobey you.' Ibrahim will say, `O Lord! You promised me that You will not disgrace me on the Day they are resurrected. What more disgrace than witnessing my father being disgraced' He will be told, `Look behind you,' where he will see a bloody hyena -- for his father will have been transformed into that -- and it will be dragged from its feet and thrown in the Fire."' Allah's statement,

(Verily, Ibrahim was Awwah and was forbearing.) means, he invoked Allah always, according to `Abdullah bin Mas`ud. Several narrations report this from Ibn Mas`ud. It was also said that, `Awwah', means, `who invokes Allah with humility', `merciful', `who believes with certainty', `who praises (Allah)', and so forth.

Dalam ayat ini dijelaskan bahwa tidak sepatutnya bagi Nabi dan orang-orang mukmin untuk mengajukan permohonan kepada Allah agar memberikan ampunan kepada orang musyrik, walaupun mereka adalah kerabat Nabi atau kerabat dari orang-orang mukmin. Apalagi bila Nabi dan orang-orang mukmin telah mendapatkan bukti yang jelas bahwa mereka yang dimohonkan ampunan itu adalah calon-calon penghuni neraka, karena perbuatan dan tindak-tanduk mereka telah menunjukkan keingkaran mereka kepada Allah.

Pada ayat ke 80 Surah at-Taubah ini juga Allah telah menerangkan bahwa Dia tidak akan memberikan ampunan bagi orang-orang munafik, karena mereka telah kafir kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya, sehingga sama saja halnya, apakah Rasulullah memintakan ampunan untuk mereka, ataupun tidak. Dalam ayat ke 48 dan 116 Surah an-Nisa Allah telah menegaskan pula, bahwa Dia tidak akan memberikan ampun kepada siapa pun yang menjadi musyrik, yaitu mempersekutukan Allah dengan yang lain.

Orang-orang yang mempersekutukan Allah, walaupun mereka mengaku beriman dan menyembah kepada Allah, namun mereka juga menyembah selain Allah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa mereka tidak beriman pada kesempurnaan dan kekuasaan Allah. Oleh sebab itu, dalam ayat lain Allah menegaskan bahwa kemusyrikan adalah suatu kezaliman yang besar, dan merupakan dosa yang tidak bisa diampuni. Itulah sebabnya, maka Lukman al-Hakim memberikan pelajaran kepada putranya untuk tidak menyekutukan Allah. Beliau berkata:

Janganlah kamu mempersekutukan Allah, sesungguhnya mempersekutukan (Allah) adalah benar-benar kezaliman yang besar. (Luqman/31: 13)

Pada ayat (113) di atas terdapat isyarat bahwa mendoakan orang-orang yang telah mati dalam kekafirannya, agar mereka memperoleh ampunan dan rahmat Allah, adalah terlarang. Larangan ini mencakup segala macam dan cara berdoa, baik doa-doa yang biasa dilakukan sesudah salat maupun doa-doa yang dibaca dalam upacara tertentu.

Diriwayatkan oleh Imam Ahmad, Imam Muslim, dan Abu Daud dari Abu Hurairah bahwa Rasulullah saw pernah mengunjungi makam ibundanya, lalu beliau menangis, sehingga menyebabkan orang-orang yang berada di sekitarnyapun menangis pula. Lalu beliau bersabda, "Aku telah meminta izin kepada Allah untuk memohonkan ampun untuk ibuku, tetapi Allah tidak mengizinkan, dan aku meminta izin untuk mengunjungi kuburan ibuku, maka Allah mengizinkan. Oleh sebab itu, kamu boleh mengunjungi kuburan karena hal itu akan mengingatkan kamu kepada kematian."

Dengan adanya larangan Allah dalam ayat ini kepada Nabi dan orang-orang mukmin untuk memintakan ampunan bagi orang-orang musyrik, dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa kenabian dan keimanan yang sejati tidak akan membolehkan seseorang untuk memanjatkan doa ke hadirat Allah untuk mengampuni orang-orang musyrik dalam keadaan bagaimana juga, walaupun mereka termasuk kaum kerabat yang dicintai. Hal itu disebabkan karena bagi Nabi dan orang-orang mukmin sudah cukup jelas dari berbagai bukti dan kenyataan, bahwa orang-orang musyrik itu telah mati dalam kekafiran sehingga dengan demikian mereka merupakan calon-calon penghuni neraka, maka tidaklah selayaknya untuk dimintakan ampun kepada Allah, karena perbuatan mereka tidak diridai-Nya.