Surah Ar-Rahman 55:14

The Creation of Humans and Jinns

Allah mentions that He created mankind from clay, like that used in pottery, and created the Jinns from the tip of the flame of a smokeless fire. This was said by Ad-Dahhak from Ibn `Abbas. It was also said by `Ikrimah, Mujahid, Al-Hasan and Ibn Zayd. Al-`Awfi reported from Ibn `Abbas, "From the best part of the fire, from its smokeless flame." Imam Ahmad recorded that `A'ishah said that Allah's Messenger ﷺ said,

«خُلِقَتِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ مِنْ نُورٍ، وَخُلِقَ الْجَانُّ مِنْ مَارِجٍ مِنْ نَارٍ، وَخُلِقَ آدَمُ مِمَّا وُصِفَ لَكُم»

(The angels were created from light, the Jinns from a smokeless flame of fire, and `Adam from what was described to you.) Muslim also collected this Hadith. Allah's statement:

فَبِأَىِّ ءَالاءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ

(Then which of the blessings of your Lord will you both deny) was explained above.

Allah is the Lord of the Two Easts and the Two Wests

Allah said,

رَبُّ الْمَشْرِقَيْنِ وَرَبُّ الْمَغْرِبَيْنِ

((He is) the Lord of the two easts and the Lord of the two wests.) meaning the sunrise of summer and winter and the sunset of summer and winter. Allah said in another Ayah,

فَلاَ أُقْسِمُ بِرَبِّ الْمَشَـرِقِ وَالْمَغَـرِبِ

(So, I swear by the Lord of all the points of sunrise and sunset in the east and the west.)(70:40), referring to the different places from which the sun rises and then sets on people every day. Allah said in another Ayah,

رَّبُّ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ لاَ إِلَـهَ إِلاَّ هُوَ فَاتَّخِذْهُ وَكِيلاً

(The Lord of the east and the west; none has the right to be worshipped but He. So take Him alone as a trustee.)(73:9), referring to the different places of sunrise and sunset and the benefits that this variation brings to the created, mankind and Jinns,

فَبِأَىِّ ءَالاءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ

(Then which of the blessings of your Lord will you both deny)

Allah created Different Types of Water

Allah said,

مَرَجَ الْبَحْرَيْنِ يَلْتَقِيَانِ

(He has Maraja the two seas), or let them loose, according to Ibn `Abbas. Allah's statement,

يَلْتَقِيَانِ

(meeting together.) Ibn Zayd said, "He prevents them from meeting by the dividing barrier He placed between them to separate them." The two seas are the fresh and salty waters, the former coming from running rivers. We discussed this topic in Surat Al-Furqan when explaining Allah's statement;

وَهُوَ الَّذِى مَرَجَ الْبَحْرَيْنِ هَـذَا عَذْبٌ فُرَاتٌ وَهَـذَا مِلْحٌ أُجَاجٌ وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَهُمَا بَرْزَخاً وَحِجْراً مَّحْجُوراً

(And it is He Who has let free the two seas: one palatable and sweet, and the other salty and bitter; and He has set a barrier and a complete partition between them.)(25:53) Allah said,

بَيْنَهُمَا بَرْزَخٌ لاَّ يَبْغِيَانِ

(Between them is a barrier which none of them can transgress.) meaning, He has placed a barrier of land between these two types of waters, so that they do not transgress upon each other, which would spoil the characteristics they were created with. Allah said,

يَخْرُجُ مِنْهُمَا الُّلؤْلُؤُ وَالمَرْجَانُ

(Out of them both come out pearls and Al-Marjan. ) pearls are well-known. As for Marjan they say it means small pearls. Mujahid, Qatadah, Abu Ruzayn, Ad-Dahhak said it, and it has also been reported from `Ali. It was also said that it means large, precious pearls, this was mentioned by Ibn Jarir from some of the Salaf. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded from Ibn `Abbas who said, "When it rains, the oysters in the sea open their mouths. What falls in them, the drops, turns into pearls." Its chain of narrators is Sahih. Since this type of adornment is a favor from Allah to the people of earth, He reminded them of it,

فَبِأَىِّ ءَالاءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ

(Then which of the blessings of your Lord will you both deny) Allah said,

وَلَهُ الْجَوَارِ الْمُنشَئَاتُ

(And His are Al-Jawar Al-Munsha'at), meaning the ships that float,

فِى الْبَحْرِ

(in the seas), Mujahid said, "Whatever ship hoists a sail, it is from Munsha'at, if it does not hoist a sail, it is not from the Munsha'at." Qatadah said, "Al-Munsha'at means created." Others said that it is Al-Munshi'at meaning, "launched."

كَالاٌّعْلَـمِ

(like A`lam.) This means, they are like mountains with their great size, and it also refers to the trade and commercial services they make possible, transporting cargo from one area to another and from one province to another. Ships provide various benefits for people, including transporting different types of goods they need. Therefore,

فَبِأَىِّ ءَالاءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ

(Then which of the blessings of your Lord will you both deny)

كُلُّ مَنْ عَلَيْهَا فَانٍ - وَيَبْقَى وَجْهُ رَبِّكَ ذُو الْجَلْـلِ وَالإِكْرَامِ فَبِأَىِّ ءَالاءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ

Ayat ini menerangkan bahwa Allah menciptakan manusia pertama Nabi Adam dari tanah kering seperti tembikar, dan keras seperti tanah yang telah dipanggang. Di dalam Al-Qur'an banyak ayat yang menyebutkan bahwa manusia diciptakan dari tanah dan yang lain menyebutkan bahwa ia diciptakan dari tanah liat serta di sini disebutkan tanah kering seperti tembikar. Tanah liat yang dipanggang dengan bara yang panas untuk menjaga ia tetap bersatu, tidak bercerai berai. Demikian pula manusia mempunyai nafsu makan dan minum, mempunyai nafsu kawin agar badannya dapat terpelihara dan dapat melanjutkan hidupnya, serta mempunyai keturunan. Ia mempunyai nafsu marah yang menjadikannya berani dan kuat untuk menjaga kelangsungan hidupnya dan mempertahankan dirinya dari bahaya yang mengancamnya serta serbuan musuh-musuh yang berada di sekitarnya. Kekuatan manusia ini seolah-olah sama dengan tanah liat yang telah masak agar menjadi tanah kering yang bagian-bagiannya melekat dengan kuat. Apabila tidak ada hal-hal itu tentu dia tidak akan dapat mempertahankan dirinya dari bahaya dan musuhmusuhnya, dari manusia lain atau binatang-binatang buas, maka ia akan hancur berkeping-keping menjadi santapan burung-burung dan binatang-binatang, sebagaimana tanah yang belum dimasak bertaburan diterbangkan angin. Penciptaan manusia dari tanah telah banyak dibicarakan pada ayat-ayat sebelumnya, antara lain pada ayat-ayat: al-hijr/15: 26 (dari lumpur hitam), al- hijr/15: 28 (tanah liat kering), ar-Rum/30: 20 (dari tanah), Fathir/35: 11 (dari tanah), shad/38: 71 (tanah liat), Gafir/40 (dari tanah), sedangkan pada Surah al-Furqan/25: ayat 54 dinyatakan bahwa manusia diciptakan dari air. Dari berbagai pernyataan ayat-ayat di atas tentang bahan penciptaan manusia, maka terdapat dua bahan yaitu air dan tanah. Sedangkan macam tanah yang sering dijelaskan adalah tanah liat, suatu jenis tanah yang tersusun oleh partikel yang sangat halus, dengan ukuran diameter partikel kurang dari 2 mikron. Jenis tanah ini memiliki sifat-sifat fisik yang plastis bila mengandung air. Secara kimia, larutan tanah liat dalam air memiliki kapasitas tukar kation, yaitu dapat mengikat ion atau senyawa kimia lainnya yang bermuatan listrik, tetapi dengan ikatan yang tidak terlalu kuat sehingga ion yang terikat bisa berganti-ganti dengan mudah. Tanah jenis ini pulalah yang biasa dipakai sebagai bahan untuk membuat tembikar. Sementara proses penciptaannya amat sedikit diketahui (lihat Tafsir al-hijr/15: 26 dan 28).