Surah Ar-Ra'd 13:4

Allah's Signs on the Earth

After Allah mentioned the higher worlds, He started asserting His power, wisdom and control over the lower parts of the world. Allah said,

وَهُوَ الَّذِى مَدَّ الاٌّرْضَ

(And it is He Who spread out the earth) made it spacious in length and width. Allah has placed on the earth firm mountains and made rivers, springs and water streams run through it, so that the various kinds of fruits and plants of every color, shape, taste and scent are watered with this water,

مِن كُلٍّ زَوْجَيْنِ اثْنَيْنِ

(and of every kind of fruit He made Zawjayn Ithnayn.), two types from every kind of fruit,

يُغْشِى الَّيْلَ النَّهَارَ

(He brings the night as a cover over the day.) Allah made the day and night pursue each other, when one is about to depart, the other overcomes it, and vice versa. Allah controls time just as He controls space and matter,

إِنَّ فِى ذلِكَ لآيَـتٍ لِّقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ

(Verily, in these things, there are Ayat for people who reflect.) who reflect on Allah's signs and the evidences of His wisdom. Allah said,

وَفِى الاٌّرْضِ قِطَعٌ مُّتَجَـوِرَتٌ

(And in the earth are neighboring tracts, ) Meaning, next to each other, some of them are fertile and produce what benefits people, while others are dead, salty and do not produce anything. This meaning was collected from Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Ad-Dahhak and several others. This also covers the various colors and types of diverse areas on the earth; some red, some white, or yellow, or black, some are stony, or flat, or sandy, or thick, or thin, all made to neighbor each other while preserving their own qualities. All this indicates the existence of the Creator Who does what He wills, there is no deity or lord except Him. Allah said next,

وَجَنَّـتٌ مِّنْ أَعْنَـبٍ وَزَرْعٌ وَنَخِيلٌ

(and gardens of vines, and green crops (fields), and date palms...) Allah's statement, next,

صِنْوَنٌ وَغَيْرُ صِنْوَنٍ

(Sinwanun wa (or) Ghayru Sinwan.) `Sinwan' means, growing into two or three from a single stem, such as figs, pomegranate and dates. `Ghayru Sinwan' means, having one stem for every tree, as is the case with most plants. From this meaning, the paternal uncle is called one's `Sinw' of his father. There is an authentic Hadith that states that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to `Umar bin Al-Khattab,

«أَمَا شَعَرْتَ أَنَّ عَمَّ الرَّجُلِ صِنْوُ أَبِيه»

(Do you not know that man's paternal uncle is the Sinw of his father) Allah said next,

وَحِدٍ وَنُفَضِّلُ بَعْضَهَا عَلَى بَعْضٍ فِى الاٍّكُلِ

(watered with the same water; yet some of them We make more excellent than others to eat.) Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Prophet commented on Allah's statement,

وَنُفَضِّلُ بَعْضَهَا عَلَى بَعْضٍ فِى الاٍّكُلِ

(yet some of them We make more excellent than others to eat.)

«الدَّقَلُ، وَالْفَارِسِيُّ، وَالْحُلْوُ، وَالْحَامِض»

(The Dagal, the Persian, the sweet, the bitter...") At-Tirmidhi collected this Hadith and said, "Hasan Gharib." Therefore, there are differences between plants and fruits with regards to shape, color, taste, scent, blossoms and the shape of their leaves. There are plants that are very sweet or sour, bitter or mild, fresh; some plants have a combination of these attributes, and the taste then changes and becomes another taste, by Allah's will. There is also some that are yellow in color, or red, or white, or black, or blue, and the same can be said about their flowers; and all these variances and complex diversities are watered by the same water. Surely, in this there are signs for those who have sound reasoning, and surely, all this indicates the existence of the Creator Who does what He wills and Whose power made distinctions between various things and created them as He wills. So Allah said,

إِنَّ فِى ذلِكَ لآيَـتٍ لِّقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ

(Verily, in these things there are Ayat for the people who understand.)

وَإِن تَعْجَبْ فَعَجَبٌ قَوْلُهُمْ أَءِذَا كُنَّا تُرَابًا أَءِنَّا لَفِى خَلْقٍ جَدِيدٍ أُوْلَـئِكَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ بِرَبِّهِمْ وَأُوْلَئِكَ الاٌّغْلَـلُ فِى أَعْنَـقِهِمْ وَأُوْلَـئِكَ أَصْحَـبُ النَّارِ هُمْ فِيهَا خَـلِدونَ

Ungkapan ayat ini merupakan kelanjutan dari tanda-tanda kekuasaan Allah yang ada di bumi, yaitu bahwa di bumi terdapat bagian-bagian tanah yang berdekatan dan berdampingan tetapi berlainan kesuburannya. Ada tanah yang sangat subur untuk ditanami tanaman apa saja, ada pula tanah yang hanya dapat ditanami pohon-pohon besar saja, tetapi tidak baik untuk ditanami tanaman palawija atau sebaliknya, ada pula tanah yang lunak dan ada pula yang keras yang sulit untuk digemburkan. Di bumi terdapat kebun-kebun anggur, tanaman palawija, dan pohon yang bercabang dan tidak bercabang. Semuanya itu disiram dengan air yang sama tetapi menghasilkan buah yang beraneka ragam rasanya, seperti pohon tebu yang rasanya manis, buah jeruk yang rasanya manis dan masam, serta buah paria yang rasanya pahit, dan lain sebagainya. Allah melebihkan sebahagian tanaman-tanaman atas sebagian yang lain baik dari bentuknya, rasanya dan baunya. Semua tanda-tanda itu menunjukkan kekuasaan Allah dan menjadi dalil yang bisa menimbulkan keyakinan bagi orang-orang yang mau berpikir.

Menurut kajian saintis, perbedaan rasa dari buah-buahan atau tanaman, disebabkan perbedaan kandungan kimiawi yang ada di dalamnya. Zat atau molekul kimiawi ini, dalam bahasa ilmu biokimia dikenal dengan sebutan metabolit. Perbedaan jenis maupun kuantitas metabolit inilah yang memberikan rasa yang berbeda-beda dari tanaman atau buah yang berbeda. Biji dari semua tanaman, hampir semuanya berbentuk sama atau dikenal sebagai mempunyai morfologi yang sama, atau hampir sama, yaitu morfologi-nya bulat atau sedikit lonjong. Semua biji ini, di dalamnya terkandung embrio tanaman (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1965,Vol.20, Seed, 273-275). Dalam embrio tanaman itu terkandung materi-materi genetik (atau yang sering disebut dengan DNA, Desoxyribo Nucleic Acid, atau Asam Desoksiribo Nukleat).

Dalam biji tanaman yang berbeda, kandungan embrioniknya berbeda, demikian pula kandungan materi DNA-nya juga berbeda. DNA suatu materi yang akan sangat menentukan proses pembentukan metabolit dalam semua makhluk hidup termasuk tanaman. Maka Mahabesar Allah, apabila biji-biji yang berbeda itu ditanam dan disiram dengan air yang sama, biji-biji itu akan tumbuh menjadi berbagai tanaman yang berbeda rasanya, tergantung materi genetik yang dikandungnya; karena materi genetik inilah yang akan menentukan (membuat) metabolit-metabolit di dalam tanaman itu yang menentukan rasa buah atau tanaman itu..