Surah Ar-Ra'd 13:12

Clouds, Thunder and Lightning are Signs of Allah's Power

Allah states that He has full power over Al-Barq (lightning), which is the bright light that originates from within clouds. Ibn Jarir recorded that Ibn `Abbas once wrote to Abu Al-Jald asking about the meaning of Al-Barq, and he said that it is water. Qatadah commented on Allah's statement,

خَوْفًا وَطَمَعًا

(as a fear and as a hope.) "Fear for travelers, for they feel afraid of its harm and hardship, and hope for residents, awaiting its blessing and benefit and anticipating Allah's provisions." Allah said next,

وَيُنْشِىءُ السَّحَابَ الثِّقَالَ

(And it is He Who brings up the clouds, heavy.) meaning, He originates the clouds that are heavy and close to the ground because of being laden with rain. Mujahid said that this part of the Ayah is about clouds that are heavy with rain. Allah's statement,

وَيُسَبِّحُ الرَّعْدُ بِحَمْدِهِ

(And Ar-Ra'd (thunder) glorifies and praises Him), is similar to His other statement,

وَإِن مِّن شَىْءٍ إِلاَّ يُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدَهِ

(And there is not a thing but glorifies His praise.) 17:44 Imam Ahmad recorded that Ibrahim bin Sa`d said, "My father told me that he was sitting next to Hamid bin `Abdur Rahman in the Masjid. A man from the tribe of Ghifar passed and Hamid sent someone to him to please come to them. When he came, Hamid said to me, `My nephew! Make space for him between me and you, for he had accompanied Allah's Messenger ﷺ.' When that man came, he sat between me and Hamid and Hamid said to him, `What was the Hadith that you narrated to me from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ ' He said, `A man from Ghifar said that he heard the Prophet say, i

«إِنَّ اللهَ يُنْشِىءُ السَّحَابَ فَيَنْطِقُ أَحْسَنَ النُّطْقِ، وَيَضْحَكُ أَحْسَنَ الضَّحِك»

(Verily, Allah originates the clouds, and they speak in the most beautiful voice and laugh in the most beautiful manner.) It appears, and Allah has the best knowledge, that the cloud's voice is in reference to thunder and its laughter is the lightning. Musa bin `Ubaydah narrated that Sa`d bin Ibrahim said, "Allah sends the rain and indeed, none has a better smile than it, nor more comforting voice. Its smile is lightning and its voice is thunder."

Supplicating to Allah upon hearing Ar-Ra`d (Thunder)

Imam Ahmad recorded that Salim bin `Abdullah narrated that his father said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to say upon hearing the thunder and thunderbolts,

«اللَّهُمَّ لَا تَقْتُلْنَا بِغَضَبِكَ، وَلَا تُهْلِكْنَا بِعَذَابِكَ، وَعَافِنَا قَبْل ذَلِك»

(O Allah! Do not kill us with Your anger, nor destroy us with Your torment, and save us before that." This Hadith was recorded by At-Tirmidhi, Al-Bukhari in his book Al-Adab Al-Mufrad, An-Nasa'i in `Amal Al-Yawm wal-Laylah, and Al-Hakim in Al-Mustadrak. When `Abdullah bin Az-Zubayr used to hear thunder, he would stop talking and would supplicate, "All praise is to He Whom Ar-Ra`d (thunder) glorifies and praises, and so do the angels because of His awe." He would then say, "This is a stern warning to the people of earth." Malik collected this Hadith in Al-Muwatta', and Al-Bukhari in Al-Adab Al-Mufrad. Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«قَالَ رَبُّكُمْ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: لَوْ أَنَّ عَبِيدِي أَطَاعُونِي لَأَسْقَيْتُهُمُ الْمَطَرَ بِاللَّيْلِ، وَأَطْلَعْتُ عَلَيْهِمُ الشَّمْسَ بِالنَّهَارِ، وَلَمَا أَسْمَعْتُهُمْ صَوْتَ الرَّعْد»

(Your Lord, the Exalted and Most High, said, `Had My servants obeyed Me, I would have given them rain by night and the sun by day, and would not have made them hear the sound of the Ra`d (thunder).') Allah's statement,

وَيُرْسِلُ الصَّوَعِقَ فَيُصِيبُ بِهَا مَن يَشَآءُ

(He sends the thunderbolts, and therewith He strikes whom He wills,) indicates that He sends thunderbolts as punishment upon whom He wills, and this is why thunderbolts increase as time comes to an end. Al-Hafiz Abu Al-Qasim At-Tabarani narrated that Ibn `Abbas said that Arbad bin Qays bin Juzu' bin Julayd bin Ja`far bin Kulab, and `Amir bin At-Tufayl bin Malik came to Al-Madinah to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and sat where he was sitting. `Amir bin At-Tufayl said, "O Muhammad! What will you give me if I embrace Islam" The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«لَكَ مَا لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ وَعَلَيْكَ مَا عَلَيْهِم»

(You will have the rights and duties of all Muslims.) `Amir bin At-Tufayl said, "Will you make me your successor if I embrace Islam" The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«لَيْسَ ذَلِكَ لَكَ وَلَا لِقَوْمِكَ، وَلَكِنْ لَكَ أَعِنَّةَ الْخَيْل»

(That is not your right, nor your people's right. However, I could appoint you a commander of the horsemen (i.e., war).) `Amir said, "I am already the commander of the horsemen of Najd (in the north of Arabia). Give me control over the desert and you keep the cities." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ refused. When these two men were leaving the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, `Amir said, "By Allah! I will fill it (Al-Madinah) with horses and men (hostile to Muslims)." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ replied,

«يَمْنَعُكَ الله»

(Rather, Allah will prevent you. ) When `Amir and Arbad left, `Amir said, "O Arbad! I will keep Muhammad busy while talking to him, so you can strike him with the sword. Verily, if you kill Muhammad, the people (Muslims) will agree to take blood money and will hate to wage war over his murder. Then we will give them the blood money." Arbad said, "I will do that," and they went back to the Messenger ﷺ. `Amir said, "O Muhammad! Stand next to me so that I can talk to you." The Messenger ﷺ stood up, and they both stood next to a wall talking to each other. Arbad wanted to grab his sword, but his hand froze when it touched the sword's handle and he could not take the sword out of its sheath. Arbad did not strike the Messenger ﷺ as `Amir suggested, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ looked at Arbad and realized what he was doing, so he departed. When Arbad and `Amir left the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and arrived at Al-Harrah of Waqim area, they dismounted from their horses. However, Sa`d bin Mu`adh and Usayd bin Hudayr came out saying, "Come, O enemies of Allah! May Allah curse you." `Amir asked, "Who is this with you, O Sa`d" Sa`d said, "This is Usayd bin Hudayr." They fled until they reached the Riqm area, where Allah struck Arbad with a bolt of lightning and he met his demise. As for `Amir, he went on until he reached the Kharim area, where Allah sent an open ulcer that struck him. During that night, `Amir took refuge in a woman's house, from Banu Salul. `Amir kept touching his open ulcer and saying, "An ulcer as big as a camel's hump, while I am at the house of a woman from Bani Salul, seeking to bring my death in her house!" He rode his horse, but he died while riding it headed to his area. Allah sent down these Ayat (13:8-11) in their case,

اللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ مَا تَحْمِلُ كُلُّ أُنثَى

(Allah knows what every female bears) until,

وَمَا لَهُمْ مِّن دُونِهِ مِن وَالٍ

(..and they will find besides Him no protector.) Ibn `Abbas commented, "The angels in succession, guard Muhammad ﷺ, by the command of Allah." He next mentioned the demise of Arbad by Allah's command, reciting this Ayah,

وَيُرْسِلُ الصَّوَعِقَ

(He sends the thunderbolts,)" Allah said next,

وَهُمْ يُجَـدِلُونَ فِى اللَّهِ

(yet they (disbelievers) dispute about Allah.) they doubt Allah's greatness and that there is no deity worthy of worship except Him,

وَهُوَ شَدِيدُ الْمِحَالِ

(And He is Mighty in strength and Severe in punishment.) Allah's torment is severe against those who rebel against Him, defy Him and persist in disbelief, according to the Tafsir of Ibn Jarir At-Tabari. There is a similar Ayah in the Qur'an,

وَمَكَرُواْ مَكْراً وَمَكَرْنَا مَكْراً وَهُمْ لاَ يَشْعُرُونَ - فَانظُرْ كَيْفَ كَانَ عَـقِبَةُ مَكْرِهِمْ أَنَّا دَمَّرْنَـهُمْ وَقَوْمَهُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ

(So they plotted a plot, and We planned a plan, while they perceived not. Then see how was the end of their plot! Verily, We destroyed them and their nation all together.)27:50-51 `Ali bin Abi Talib said that,

وَهُوَ شَدِيدُ الْمِحَالِ

(And He is Mighty in strength and Severe in punishment (Al-Mihal)), means, His punishment is severe.

Dialah Tuhan yang memperlihatkan kilat, yang menimbulkan ketakutan disambar petir bagi orang-orang yang sedang berada di alam bebas atau bepergian. Tetapi kadangkala kilat dan petir itu menimbulkan harapan bagi orang lain seperti para petani yang mengharapkan turunnya hujan untuk mengairi sawah dan ladangnya. Demikian pula segala sesuatu di dunia ini, kadang-kadang dipandang baik karena dibutuhkan pada masa-masa tertentu, dan kadangkala dipandang buruk mengingat kemudaratan yang mungkin ditimbulkannya. Allah pula yang mengadakan awan mendung yang mengandung air hujan dan karena beratnya, maka awan tersebut tercurah ke permukaan bumi turun menjadi hujan.

Menurut kajian saintis, terbentuknya awan-awan mendung (thunder-clouds), kilat, guruh, dan halilintar, sebagaimana diungkapkan dalam Al-Quran, sejak awal diyakini oleh banyak ilmuwan merupakan fenomena alam yang mempunyai hubungan yang erat dengan proses kejadian hujan dan atau badai yang sering terjadi di permukaan bumi. Fenomena ini adalah salah satu tanda kekuasaan dan keperkasaan Allah.

Memang tidak semua jenis awan bisa mendatangkan hujan. Awan yang dapat menyebabkan turunnya hujan adalah awan dari jenis kumulonimbus (cumulonimbus). Menurut saintis, awan yang terbentuk akan menghasilkan pemisah muatan (listrik) positif dan negatif. Muatan positif umumnya berkumpul di bagian atas awan, sedangkan muatan negatif berkumpul di bagian bawah awan. Muatan tersebut akan mengalir melalui berbagai cara seperti antar kantong muatan di awan, dari awan ke bumi, lepas melalui udara sebagai aliran muatan elektrostatik, dan meloncat ke ionosfer. Lompatan bunga api raksasa ini dikenal sebagai petir, kilat, atau halilintar. Sebagai akibatnya udara terbelah, sambarannya yang memiliki kecepatan mencapai 150.000 km/detik akan menimbulkan bunyi menggele-gar yang biasa kita sebut geluduk, geledek, guruh, guntur, dan lain-lain. Suara geledek ini menciutkan hati manusia yang mendengarnya dan dampaknya kerap bisa mematikan manusia. Inilah yang dimaksud dengan "kilat yang menakutkan".

Benjamin Franklin (1752) berhasil membuktikan bahwa petir adalah suatu lompatan listrik (electric discharge) yang sangat besar. Dari hasil penelitian kemudian diketahui bahwa besar medan listrik minimal yang memungkinkan terpicunya petir ini adalah sekitar 1.000.000 volt per meter.

Dalam kondisi tertentu, bumi yang cenderung menjadi peredam listrik statis, bisa pula ikut berinteraksi. Hal ini dimungkinkan terjadi peng-konsentrasian listrik bermuatan positif karena adanya beda muatan antara dasar awan dengan permukaan bumi. Yang terjadi kemudian adalah perpindahan muatan listrik. Maka secara fisik kita akan melihat sambaran petir dengan muatan listrik yang begitu besar, selanjutnya akan segera menyebar ke bagian permukaan bumi yang kemudian menjalar ke dalam tanah dan akhirnya ternetralisasi pada kedalaman yang mengandung air tanah. Tempat terjadinya perpindahan muatan listrik ini yang sering kali mendatangkan musibah dan kerusakan. Ini yang biasa dikenal dengan istilah disambar petir atau geledek.

Dari sisi pengamatan lainnya diketahui bahwa petir mempunyai manfaat bagi bumi dan manusia. Petir merupakan proses alam yang menghasilkan unsur nitrogen yang dibutuhkan tumbuh-tumbuhan dan mengisi sekitar 4/5 atmosfir bumi, bahkan petir juga berfungsi dalam sirkuit global listrik. Kilatan petir raksasa diyakini akan dapat membantu menyeimbangkan sirkuit global listrik antara bumi dan angkasa dan juga berkonsentrasi dalam pembentukan ozon. Selain itu maka kilat yang berkilauan itu bisa menghasilkan jamur. Menurut penelitian di Jepan, jamur shiitake bisa tumbuh subur bila di sekitar benih yang ditaburkan itu diberi loncatan listrik, yang sama dengan efek kilat. Hal ini berdasarkan pengalaman bahwa setelah kemarin sorenya ada kilat, besoknya di sekitarnya tumbuh banyak sekali jamur. Selain itu panjang (kekuatan) kilat bisa meramalkan curah hujan yang bakal turun keesokan harinya. Demikian penjelasan dari pandangan saintis.