Surah Al-Baqarah 2:177

Al-Birr (Piety, Righteousness)

This Ayah contains many great wisdoms, encompassing rulings and correct beliefs.

As for the explanation of this Ayah, Allah first commanded the believers to face Bayt Al-Maqdis, and then to face the Ka`bah during the prayer. This change was difficult for some of the People of the Book, and even for some Muslims. Then Allah sent revelation which clarified the wisdom behind this command, that is, obedience to Allah, adhering to His commands, facing wherever He commands facing, and implementing whatever He legislates, that is the objective. This is Birr, Taqwa and complete faith. Facing the east or the west does not necessitate righteousness or obedience, unless it is legislated by Allah. This is why Allah said:

لَّيْسَ الْبِرَّ أَن تُوَلُّواْ وُجُوهَكُمْ قِبَلَ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ وَلَـكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنْ ءَامَنَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الاٌّخِرِ

(It is not Birr that you turn your faces towards east and (or) west (in prayers); but Birr is the one who believes in Allah and the Last Day,)

Similarly, Allah said about the sacrifices:

لَن يَنَالَ اللَّهَ لُحُومُهَا وَلاَ دِمَآؤُهَا وَلَـكِن يَنَالُهُ التَّقْوَى مِنكُمْ

(It is neither their meat nor their blood that reaches Allah, but it is the piety from you that reaches Him.) (22:37)

Abu Al-`Aliyah said, "The Jews used to face the west for their Qiblah, while the Christians used to face the east for their Qiblah. So Allah said:

لَّيْسَ الْبِرَّ أَن تُوَلُّواْ وُجُوهَكُمْ قِبَلَ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ

(It is not Birr that you turn your faces towards east and (or) west (in prayers)) (2: 177) meaning, "this is faith, and its essence requires implementation." Similar was reported from Al-Hasan and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas. Ath-Thawri recited:

وَلَـكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنْ ءَامَنَ بِاللَّهِ

(but Birr is the one who believes in Allah,) and said that what follows are the types of Birr. He has said the truth. Certainly, those who acquire the qualities mentioned in the Ayah will have indeed embraced all aspects of Islam and implemented all types of righteousness; believing in Allah, that He is the only God worthy of worship, and believing in the angels the emissaries between Allah and His Messengers.

The `Books' are the Divinely revealed Books from Allah to the Prophets, which were finalized by the most honorable Book (the Qur'an). The Qur'an supercedes all previous Books, it mentions all types of righteousness, and the way to happiness in this life and the Hereafter. The Qur'an abrogates all previous Books and testfies to all of Allah's Prophets, from the first Prophet to the Final Prophet, Muhammad ﷺ, may Allah's peace and blessings be upon them all.

Allah's statement:

وَءَاتَى الْمَالَ عَلَى حُبِّهِ

(...and gives his wealth, in spite of love for it,) refers to those who give money away while desiring it and loving it. It is recorded in the Sahihayn that Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Prophet said:

«أَفْضَلُ الصَّدَقةِ أَنْ تَصَدَّقَ وَأَنْتَ صَحِيحٌ شَحِيحٌ، تَأْمُلُ الْغِنَى وتَخْشَى الْفقْر»

(The best charity is when you give it away while still healthy and thrifty, hoping to get rich and fearing poverty.)

Allah said:

وَيُطْعِمُونَ الطَّعَامَ عَلَى حُبِّهِ مِسْكِيناً وَيَتِيماً وَأَسِيراً - إِنَّمَا نُطْعِمُكُمْ لِوَجْهِ اللَّهِ لاَ نُرِيدُ مِنكُمْ جَزَآءً وَلاَ شُكُوراً

(And they give food, inspite of their love for it, to the Miskin (the poor), the orphan, and the captive (saying): "We feed you seeking Allah's Face only. We wish for no reward, nor thanks from you.") (76:8, 9)

and:

لَن تَنَالُواْ الْبِرَّ حَتَّى تُنفِقُواْ مِمَّا تُحِبُّونَ

(By no means shall you attain Birr unless you spend of that which you love.) (3:92) Allah's statement:

وَيُؤْثِرُونَ عَلَى أَنفُسِهِمْ وَلَوْ كَانَ بِهِمْ خَصَاصَةٌ

(...and give them preference over themselves even though they were in need of that) (59:9) refers to a higher category and status, as the people mentioned here give away what they need, while those mentioned in the previous Ayat give away what they covet (but not necessarily need).

Allah's statement:

ذَوِى الْقُرْبَى

(the kinsfolk) refers to man's relatives, who have more rights than anyone else to one's charity, as the Hadith supports:

«الصَّدَقَةُ عَلَى الْمَسَاكِينِ صَدَقَةٌ، وعَلَى ذِي الرَّحِمِ اثْنتَانِ: صَدَقَةٌ وَصِلَـةٌ، فَهُمْ أَوْلَى النَّاسِ بِكَ وَبِبِرِّكَ وَإِعْطَائِك»

(Sadaqah (i. e., charity) given to the poor is a charity, while the Sadaqah given to the relatives is both Sadaqah and Silah (nurturing relations), for they are the most deserving of you and your kindness and charity).

Allah has commanded kindness to the relatives in many places in the Qur'an.

وَالْيَتَـمَى

(to the orphans) The orphans are children who have none to look after them, having lost their fathers while they are still young, weak and unable to find their own sustenance since they have not reached the age of work and adolescence. `Abdur-Razzaq reported that `Ali said that the Prophet said:

وَالْمَسَـكِينُ

(and to Al-Masakin) The Miskin is the person who does not have enough food, clothing, or he has no dwelling. So the Miskin should be granted the provisions to sustain him enough so that he can acquire his needs. In the Sahihayn it is recorded that Abu Hurayrah said that Allah's Messenger ﷺ said:

«لَيْسَ الْمِسْكِينُ بِهذَا الطَّوَّافِ الَّذِي تَرُدُّه التَّمْرَةُ والتَّمْرَتَانِ، واللُّقْمَةُ واللُّقْمَتَانِ، وَلكِنِ الْمِسْكِينُ الَّذِي لَا يَجِدُ غِنىً يُغْنِيه وَلَا يُفْطَنُ لَهُ فَيُتصَدَّقَ عَلَيْه»

(The Miskin is not the person who roams around, and whose need is met by one or two dates or one or two bites. Rather, the Miskin is he who does not have what is sufficient, and to whom the people do not pay attention and, thus, do not give him from the charity.)

وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ

(and to the wayfarer) is the needy traveler who runs out of money and should, thus, be granted whatever amount that helps him to go back to his land. Such is the case with whoever intends to go on a permissible journey, he is given what he needs for his journey and back. The guests are included in this category. `Ali bin Abu Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "Ibn As-Sabil (wayfarer) is the guest who is hosted by Muslims." Furthermore, Mujahid, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Abu Ja`far Al-Baqir, Al-Hasan, Qatadah, Ad-Dahhak, Az-Zuhri, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and Muqatil bin Hayyan said similarly.

وَالسَّآئِلِينَ

(and to those who ask) refers to those who beg people and are thus given a part of the Zakah and general charity.

وَفِي الرِّقَابِ

(and to set servants free) These are the servants who seek to free themselves, but cannot find enough money to buy their freedom. We will mention several of these categories and types under the Tafsir of the Ayah on Sadaqah in Surat Bara'ah chapter 9 in the Qur'an, In sha' Allah.

Allah's statement:

وَأَقَامَ الصَّلَوةَ

(performs As-Salah (Iqamat-As-Salah)) means those who pray on time and give the prayer its due right; the bowing, prostration, and the necessary attention and humbleness required by Allah. Allah's statement:

وَءَاتَى الزَّكَوةَ

(and gives the Zakah) means the required charity (Zakah) due on one's money, as Sa`id bin Jubayr and Muqatil bin Hayyan have stated.

Allah's statement:

وَالْمُوفُونَ بِعَهْدِهِمْ إِذَا عَـهَدُواْ

(and who fulfill their covenant when they make it,)

is similar to:

الَّذِينَ يُوفُونَ بِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ وَلاَ يِنقُضُونَ الْمِيثَـقَ

(Those who fulfill the covenant of Allah and break not the Mithaq (bond, treaty, covenant).) (13:20)

The opposite of this characteristic is hypocrisy. As found in a Hadith:

«آيَةُ الْمُنَافِقِ ثَلَاثٌ: إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ، وَإذَا وَعَدَ أَخْلَفَ، وَإذَا ائْتُمِنَ خَان»

(The signs of a hypocrite are three: if he speaks, he lies; if he promises, he breaks his promise; and if he is entrusted, he breaches the trust.)

In another version:

«إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ، وَإذَا عَاهَدَ غَدَرَ،وَإذَا خَاصَمَ فَجَر»

(If he speaks, he lies; if he vows, he breaks his vow; and if he disputes, he is lewd.)

Allah's statement:

وَالصَّابِرِينَ فِى الْبَأْسَآءِ والضَّرَّاءِ وَحِينَ الْبَأْسِ

(. ..and who are patient in extreme poverty and ailment (disease) and at the time of fighting (during the battles).) means, during the time of meekness and ailment.

وَحِينَ الْبَأْسِ

(...and at the time of fighting (during the battles).) means on the battlefield while facing the enemy, as Ibn Mas`ud, Ibn `Abbas, Abu Al-`Aliyah, Murrah Al-Hamdani, Mujahid, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Al-Hasan, Qatadah, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas, As-Suddi, Muqatil bin Hayyan, Abu Malik, Ad-Dahhak and others have stated.

And calling them the patient here, is a form of praise, because of the importance of patience in these circumstances, and the suffering and difficulties that accompany them. And Allah knows best, it is He Whom help is sought from, and upon Him we rely.

Allah's statement:

أُولَـئِكَ الَّذِينَ صَدَقُوا

(Such are the people of the truth) means, whoever acquires these qualities, these are truthful in their faith. This is because they have achieved faith in the heart and realized it in deed and upon the tongue. So they are the truthful,

وَأُولَـئِكَ هُمُ الْمُتَّقُونَ

(and they are Al-Muttaqun (the pious).) because they avoided the prohibitions and performed the acts of obedience.

Ayat ini bukan saja ditujukan kepada umat Yahudi dan Nasrani, tetapi mencakup juga semua umat yang menganut agama-agama yang diturunkan dari langit, termasuk umat Islam.

Pada ayat 177 ini Allah menjelaskan kepada semua umat manusia, bahwa kebajikan itu bukanlah sekadar menghadapkan muka kepada suatu arah yang tertentu, baik ke arah timur maupun ke arah barat, tetapi kebajikan yang sebenarnya ialah beriman kepada Allah dengan sesungguhnya, iman yang bersemayam di lubuk hati yang dapat menenteramkan jiwa, yang dapat menunjukkan kebenaran dan mencegah diri dari segala macam dorongan hawa nafsu dan kejahatan. Beriman kepada hari akhirat sebagai tujuan terakhir dari kehidupan dunia yang serba kurang dan fana. Beriman kepada malaikat yang di antara tugasnya menjadi perantara dan pembawa wahyu dari Allah kepada para nabi dan rasul. Beriman kepada semua kitab-kitab yang diturunkan Allah, baik Taurat, Injil maupun Al-Qur'an dan lain-lainnya, jangan seperti Ahli Kitab yang percaya pada sebagian kitab yang diturunkan Allah, tetapi tidak percaya kepada sebagian lainnya, atau percaya kepada sebagian ayat-ayat yang mereka sukai, tetapi tidak percaya kepada ayat-ayat yang tidak sesuai dengan keinginan mereka. Beriman kepada semua nabi tanpa membedakan antara seorang nabi dengan nabi yang lain.

Iman tersebut harus disertai dan ditandai dengan amal perbuatan yang nyata, sebagaimana yang diuraikan dalam ayat ini, yaitu:

1. a.memberikan harta yang dicintai kepada karib kerabat yang membutuhkannya. Anggota keluarga yang mampu hendaklah lebih mengutamakan memberi nafkah kepada keluarga yang lebih dekat.

b.memberikan bantuan harta kepada anak-anak yatim dan orang-orang yang tidak berdaya. Mereka membutuhkan pertolongan dan bantuan untuk menyambung hidup dan meneruskan pendidikannya, sehingga mereka bisa hidup tenteram sebagai manusia yang bermanfaat dalam lingkungan masyarakatnya.

c.memberikan harta kepada musafir yang membutuhkan, sehingga mereka tidak terlantar dalam perjalanan dan terhindar dari pelbagai kesulitan.

d.memberikan harta kepada orang yang terpaksa meminta minta karena tidak ada jalan lain baginya untuk menutupi kebutuhannya.

e.memberikan harta untuk menghapus perbudakan, sehingga ia dapat memperoleh kemerdekaan dan kebebasan dirinya yang sudah hilang.

2.Mendirikan salat, artinya melaksanakannya pada waktunya dengan khusyuk lengkap dengan rukun-rukun dan syarat-syaratnya.

3.Menunaikan zakat kepada yang berhak menerimanya sebagaimana yang tersebut dalam surah at-Taubah ayat 60. Di dalam Al-Qur'an apabila disebutkan perintah: "mendirikan salat", selalu pula diiringi dengan perintah: "menunaikan zakat", karena antara salat dan zakat terjalin hubungan yang sangat erat dalam melaksanakan ibadah dan kebajikan. Sebab salat pembersih jiwa sedang zakat pembersih harta. Mengeluarkan zakat bagi manusia memang sukar, karena zakat suatu pengeluaran harta sendiri yang sangat disayangi. Oleh karena itu apabila ada perintah salat, selalu diiringi dengan perintah zakat, karena kebajikan itu tidak cukup dengan jiwa saja tetapi harus pula disertai dengan harta. Oleh karena itulah, sesudah Nabi Muhammad saw wafat, para sahabat sepakat tentang wajib memerangi orang yang tidak mau menunaikan zakat hartanya.

4.Menepati janji bagi mereka yang telah mengadakan perjanjian. Segala macam janji yang telah dijanjikan wajib ditepati, baik janji kepada Allah seperti sumpah dan nazar dan sebagiannya, maupun janji kepada manusia, terkecuali janji yang bertentangan dengan hukum Allah (syariat Islam) seperti janji berbuat maksiat, maka tidak boleh (haram) dilakukan, hal ini dikuatkan oleh sabda Rasulullah saw:

Tanda munafik ada tiga: yaitu apabila ia berkata, maka ia selalu berbohong, apabila ia berjanji, maka ia selalu tidak menepati janjinya, apabila ia dipercayai, maka ia selalu berkhianat. (Riwayat Muslim dari Abu Hurairah r.a.).

5. Sabar dalam arti tabah, menahan diri dan berjuang dalam mengatasi kesempitan, yakni kesulitan hidup seperti krisis ekonomi; penderitaan, seperti penyakit atau cobaan ; dan dalam peperangan, yaitu ketika perang sedang berkecamuk.

Mereka itulah orang-orang yang benar dalam arti sesuai dengan sikap, ucapan dan perbuatannya dan mereka itulah orang-orang yang bertakwa.