Surah 'Abasa 80:1

Which was revealed in Makkah

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَـنِ الرَّحِيمِ

(In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

The Prophet being reprimanded because He frowned at a Weak Man

More than one of the scholars of Tafsir mentioned that one day the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was addressing one of the great leaders of the Quraysh while hoping that he would accept Islam. While he was speaking in direct conversation with him, Ibn Umm Maktum came to him, and he was of those who had accepted Islam in its earliest days. He (Ibn Umm Maktum) then began asking the Messenger of Allah ﷺ about something, urgently beseeching him. The Prophet hoped that the man would be guided, so he asked Ibn Umm Maktum to wait for a moment so he could complete his conversation. He frowned in the face of Ibn Umm Maktum and turned away from him in order to face the other man. Thus, Allah revealed,

عَبَسَ وَتَوَلَّى - أَن جَآءَهُ الاٌّعْمَى - وَمَا يُدْرِيكَ لَعَلَّهُ يَزَّكَّى

(He frowned and turned away. Because there came to him the blind man. And how can you know that he might become pure) meaning, he may attain purification and cleanliness in his soul.

أَوْ يَذَّكَّرُ فَتَنفَعَهُ الذِّكْرَى

(Or he might receive admonition, and the admonition might profit him) meaning, he may receive admonition and abstain from the forbidden.

أَمَّا مَنِ اسْتَغْنَى - فَأَنتَ لَهُ تَصَدَّى

(As for him who thinks himself self-sufficient. To him you attend;) meaning, `you face the rich person so that perhaps he may be guided.'

وَمَا عَلَيْكَ أَلاَّ يَزَّكَّى

(What does it matter to you if he will not become pure) meaning, `you are not responsible for him if he does not attain purification.'

وَأَمَّا مَن جَآءَكَ يَسْعَى - وَهُوَ يَخْشَى

(But as for him who came to you running. And is afraid.) meaning, `he is seeking you and he comes to you so that he may be guided by what you say to him.'

فَأَنتَ عَنْهُ تَلَهَّى

(Of him you are neglectful and divert your attention to another.) meaning, `you are too busy.' Here Allah commands His Messenger to not single anyone out with the warning. Rather, he should equal warn the noble and the weak, the poor and the rich, the master and the slave, the men and the women, the young and the old. Then Allah will guide whomever He chooses to a path that is straight. He has the profound wisdom and the decisive proof. Abu Ya`la and Ibn Jarir both recorded from `A'ishah that she said about,

عَبَسَ وَتَوَلَّى

(He frowned and turned away.) was revealed." At-Tirmirdhi recorded this Hadith but he did not mention that it was narrated by `A'ishah. I say it is reported like this in Al-Muwatta' as well.

The Characteristics of the Qur'an

Allah says,

كَلاَّ إِنَّهَا تَذْكِرَةٌ

(Nay; indeed it is an admonition.) meaning, this Surah, or this advice in conveying knowledge equally among people, whether they are of noble or low class. Qatadah and As-Suddi both said,

كَلاَّ إِنَّهَا تَذْكِرَةٌ

(Nay; indeed it is an admonition.) "This means the Qur'an."

فَمَن شَآءَ ذَكَرَهُ

(So, whoever wills, let him pay attention to Him (it).) meaning, so whoever wills, he remembers Allah in all of his affairs. The pronoun could also be understood to be referring to the revelation since the conversation is alluding to it. Allah said:

فَى صُحُفٍ مُّكَرَّمَةٍ - مَّرْفُوعَةٍ مُّطَهَّرَةٍ

(In Records held in honor, exalted, purified.) meaning, this Surah or this admonition. Both meanings are connected to each other. Actually, all of the Qur'an is in honored pages, meaning respected and revered.

مَّرْفُوعَةٍ

(exalted) meaning, elevated in status.

مُّطَهَّرَةٍ

(purified) meaning, from impurity, additions and deficiency. Concerning Allah's statement,

بِأَيْدِى سَفَرَةٍ

(In the hands of ambassadors (Safarah),) Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak, and Ibn Zayd, all said, "These are the angels." Al-Bukhari said, "Safarah (ambassadors) refers to the angels. They travel around rectifying matters between themselves. The angels when they descend with the revelation of Allah, bringing it like the ambassador who rectifies matters between people." Allah said,

كِرَامٍ بَرَرَةٍ

(Honorable and obedient.) meaning, they are noble, handsome, and honorable in their creation. Their character and their deeds are righteous, pure and perfect. Here it should be noted that it is necessary for one who carries the Qur'an (i.e., the angel) to be following righteousness and guidance. Imam Ahmad recorded from `A'ishah that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«الَّذِي يَقْرَأُ الْقُرْآنَ وَهُوَ مَاهِرٌ بِهِ، مَعَ السَّفَرَةِ الْكِرَامِ الْبَرَرَةِ، وَالَّذِي يَقْرَؤُهُ وَهُوَ عَلَيْهِ شَاقٌّ، لَهُ أَجْرَان»

(He who recites the Qur'an proficiently, will be with the noble, righteous, ambassador angels, and the one who recites it with difficulty will receive two rewards.) This Hadith was reported by the group.

Pada permulaan Surah 'Abasa ini, Allah menegur Nabi Muhammad yang bermuka masam dan berpaling dari 'Abdullah bin Ummi Maktum yang buta, ketika sahabat ini menyela pembicaraan Nabi dengan beberapa tokoh Quraisy. Saat itu 'Abdullah bin Ummi Maktum bertanya dan meminta Nabi saw untuk membacakan dan mengajarkan beberapa wahyu yang telah diterima Nabi. Permintaan itu diulanginya beberapa kali karena ia tidak tahu Nabi sedang sibuk menghadapi beberapa pembesar Quraisy.

Sebetulnya Nabi saw sesuai dengan skala prioritas sedang menghadapi tokoh-tokoh penting yang diharapkan dapat masuk Islam karena hal ini akan mempunyai pengaruh besar pada perkembangan dakwah selanjutnya. Maka adalah manusiawi jika Nabi saw tidak memperhatikan pertanyaan 'Abdullah bin Ummi Maktum, apalagi telah ada porsi waktu yang telah disediakan untuk pembicaraan Nabi dengan para sahabat.

Tetapi Nabi Muhammad sebagai manusia terbaik dan contoh teladan utama bagi setiap orang mukmin (uswah hasanah), maka Nabi tidak boleh membeda-bedakan derajat manusia. Dalam menetapkan skala prioritas juga harus lebih memberi perhatian kepada orang kecil apalagi memiliki kelemahan seperti 'Abdullah bin Ummi Maktum yang buta dan tidak dapat melihat. Maka seharusnya Nabi lebih mendahulukan pembicaraan dengan 'Abdullah bin Ummi Maktum daripada dengan para tokoh Quraisy.

Dalam peristiwa ini Nabi saw tidak mengatakan sepatah katapun kepada 'Abdullah bin Ummi Maktum yang menyebabkan hatinya terluka, tetapi Allah melihat raut muka Nabi Muhammad saw yang masam itu dan tidak mengindahakan Ummi Maktum yang menyebabkan dia tersinggung.

Hikmah adanya teguran Allah kepada Nabi Muhammad juga memberi bukti bahwa Al-Qur'an bukanlah karangan Nabi, tetapi betul-betul firman Allah. Teguran yang sangat keras ini tidak mungkin dikarang sendiri oleh Nabi.

'Abdullah bin Ummi Maktum adalah seorang yang bersih dan cerdas. Apabila mendengarkan hikmah, ia dapat memeliharanya dan membersihkan diri dari kebusukan kemusyrikan. Adapun para pembesar Quraisy itu sebagian besar adalah orang-orang yang kaya dan angkuh sehingga tidak sepatutnya Nabi terlalu serius menghadapi mereka untuk diislamkan. Tugas Nabi hanya sekadar menyampaikan risalah dan persoalan hidayah semata-mata berada di bawah kekuasaan Allah. Kekuatan manusia itu harus dipandang dari segi kecerdasan pikiran dan keteguhan hatinya serta kesediaan untuk menerima dan melaksanakan kebenaran. Adapun harta, kedudukan, dan pengaruh kepemimpinan bersifat tidak tetap, suatu ketika ada dan pada saat yang lain hilang sehingga tidak bisa diandalkan.

Nabi sendiri setelah ayat ini turun selalu menghormati 'Abdullah bin Ummi Maktum dan sering memuliakannya melalui sabda beliau, "Selamat datang kepada orang yang menyebabkan aku ditegur oleh Allah. Apakah engkau mempunyai keperluan?"